SS3 First term- Government

  • AFRICA AS CENTER PIECE OF NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY
  • NON-ALIGNMENT IN NIGERIA
  • ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU)
  • COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS
  • UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

Africa As Center Piece Of Nigeria Foreign Policy

Government, SS 3, First Term

Week 1&2

Topic: Africa As Center Piece Of Nigeria Foreign Policy

Origin

The origin of this concept “Africa, the centerpiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy” could be traced to the administration of the first republic in Nigeria (1960-66) headed by the prime minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He maintained that: We belong to Africa and as such Nigeria would pursue realistic African policies. Africa should be given a pride of place in Nigeria’s foreign policy formulation. Other governments especially the Muritala/Obasanjo administration after Balewa, pursued this policy in practical terms.

The following are the principles of the concept, Africa, the centerpiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy:

  1. Developing programmes for possible assistance to other African states and fostering understanding among them.
  2. The belief in the sovereignty and equality of African states.
  3. Working towards de-colonization of African continents under colonial rule.
  4. Respect for north interference in the domestic affairs of other African states.
  5. To support the then struggle against apartheid policy and its eradication in South Africa.
  6. Promoting friendly association among independent African states.

Reasons for the Adoption of Africa as the Centerpiece of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy

  1. Ideological rivalries: To remind Nigerians of the ideological rivalries that has penetrated Africa, to pursue and to unite African efforts in preventing Africa from becoming the theatre of world crises.
  2. Inter-territorial communication: To co-operate with African states for an improved inter-territorial communication and transport facilities of the continent.
  3. Decolonization of African states: Nigeria made Africa the centerpiece of her foreign policy because of the refusal of some colonial masters to grant independence to some African territories under the colonial rule.
  4. Location: Geographically, Nigeria is located in Africa and it is natural that African states should first receive Nigeria’s attention before other states of the world.
  5. Assistance: To provide assistance to other African states and foster understanding among them.
  6. Friendly association: To help in promoting friendly association, unity of purpose among independent African states.
  7. Opposition to aggression: To oppose any form of aggression and support the demand for the restoration of fundamental human rights in Africa.

How Nigeria Has Demonstrated that Africa is the Centerpiece of her Foreign Policy

  1. Anti-racism and anti-colonialism: i.e. total eradication of colonialism in any part of Africa.
  2. Unity and solidarity: Nigeria has shown that Africa is the centerpiece of her foreign policy through the promotion of African unity and solidarity, especially at the international community.
  3. Friendly relations: Nigeria has done this by establishing friendly relations with all African states.
  4. Promotion of peace: Serious efforts have been made by different governments to promote peace in Africa.
  5. Encouragement of democracy: Democratic rule was encouraged in all parts of the continent.
  6. Economic co-operation: Nigeria is involved in promoting intra-African economic co-operation.
  7. Speaking with one voice: This is achieved by influencing other African countries to speak with one voice at meetings with international oragnisations.

Ways by which Nigeria Maintains a Friendly Relation with African States

  1. Active participation in economic union.
  2. Initiation of peaceful settlement of crises.
  3. Peaceful resolution of disputes with her neighbours.
  4. Establishment of bi-lateral economic/political relationship.
  5. Participation in peace keeping operations in Africa.
  6. Promotion of multi-lateral economic relationship.

Exercises

1. What does Africa as the centerpiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy means?

2. Outline the basic principles of the concept of Africa as the centerpiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy.

3. What are the reasons for the adoption of Africa as the centerpiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy?

4. Enumerate the different ways Nigeria has demonstrated that Africa is the Centerpiece of her Foreign Policy.

5. Describe the ways by which Nigeria maintains a friendly relations with other African States.

Non-Alignment In Nigeria

Government, SS 3, First Term

Week 3&4

Topic: Non-Alignment In Nigeria

Origin of Non-Aligned Movement

It is an international movement drawn from different countries of the world and mostly the third world countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe, etc. The major aim of this movement is the adoption of a non-confrontational approach to world issues. The founding fathers of this movement are; Yugoslavia’s president Josip Broz Tito; Indonesia’s first president, Sukarno; Egypt’s second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah and India’s first prime minister, Jawarahal Nehru.

The non-aligned movement originated in the Bandung meeting of leaders (1955) and first summit conference (1961) comprising mainly African and Asian states. The founding fathers met between 18th and 19th of June, 1956 to discuss the rising tension in the world and its effect to world peace and security. The movement declined due to regional conflicts and differences over how to respond to the changes in the global distribution of power following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Meaning of Non-Aligned Movement

Non-alignment may be defined as the non-commitment of a nation against any major power bloc on international issues. It is mostly associated with neutrality in the face of mounting tension in the world, especially between the super powers in the era of the cold war.

Aims and Objectives of Non-Aligned Movement

  1. Mounting opposition to issues about arms and nuclear weapons.
  2. To support every move at resolution of disputes among nations.
  3. To create an avenue for states to interact freely within the comity of nations.
  4. To create opportunities for discussion and assessment of international issues objectively.
  5. To work and co-operate with other international organizations.
  6. To strongly oppose the East and West ideological divide and the division of the world into two opposing blocs.

Problems of Non-alignment

The following are the major problems facing the movement;

  1. It has no feature of a well defined international body.
  2. Most members of the movement are not financially stable.
  3. It has no military establishment of its own.
  4. There are differences in the ideological stance.
  5. The control of IMF and World bank is affecting the policy of the movement.
  6. Difference in cultural background.
  7. Fear of domination expressed by the poor states against the richer ones.

Factors that Stimulated the Formation of Non-aligned Movement

  1. The formation of international groupings.
  2. The era of cold war and the accumulation of warheads and weapons of mass destruction.
  3. Bi-polarization of the world.
  4. The aspiration and desire of independent states.
  5. To be involved in the issues of global dimension.
  6. Consolidation of sovereignty.

Exercises

1. What is the Meaning of Non-Aligned Movement?

2. Explain the issues that led to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

3. Outline the problems associated with the Non-Aligned Movement.

4. List five (5) objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.

5. Describe the factors that led to the collapse of the Non-Aligned Movement.

United Nations Organizations

Government, SS 3, First Term

Week 9&10

Topic: United Nations Organizations 

The origin of United Nations

The United Nations Organization came into existence in1945. This was as a result of the failure of the league of nations formed in 1919 after the first world war (1914-18), to prevent the outbreak of another war e.g. second world war of (1939-45). USA, Britain, China, Soviet Union and France and about so other states came together to draw a charter on 24th of 1945, at san Francisco in USA the essence of this charter was the desire to maintain peace and security among nations of the world.

Admission into the UNO is open an currency there are about 185 nations making up the body. Nigeria was the 99th member and was admitted after her independence, it is open to all peace loving nations of the world.

The principle of the United Nations Organizations

  1. Settlement of disputes: international disputes are to be settle by peaceful means it must be done in such a way as to avoid endangering international peace and security
  2. Principle of sovereign equality: united nation organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of member states
  3. Military assistance: the organization has the capacity to provide military assistance when it is called to do so
  4. Speaking with one voice: members of the body has to agree faith to fulfill the obligations as obtained in the charter
  5. Unity and co-operation among nations: this is to be harmonized in the areas of solving international problems, eradication of threats and causes of wars
  6. The use of force: this should be discouraged among the members in their international relations as such may be contrary to the workings and purposes of the world body

Aims and objectives of the United Nations

  1. To maintain international peace and security
  2. To promote and encourage respect for Human Rights and fundament freedom for all races internationally
  3. To promote economic and social advancement of all people
  4. To develop friendly relations among states based on mutual respect, equal rights and self-determination of people
  5. To accelerate the independence of trust territories
  6. To settle disputes among member states by peaceful means

 Organs of the United Nation Organization (UNO) are:

  1. The general assembly

The general assembly is made up of all member states. Five representatives are drawn from each member state into the Assembly. They meet once in a year but there could be a special session, if the security council or a majority of member state request for it. Consensus on issues or matters are achieved by simple majority. A president is elected from one of the member states to head the Assembly for a term of one year and it is rotated among member states.

Aims and Objectives of the general assembly

  1. To maintain international peace and security
  2. To promote and encourage respect for Human rights and fundamental freedom for all
  3. To promote economic and social advancement of all people
  4. To develop friendly relations among states based on mutual respect, equal rights and self determination
  5. To encourage international co-operation in solving international problems

Functions of the General Assembly

  1. It discusses issues pertaining to world peace and security, passes resolutions and recommends same to the security council
  2. It has the power to vote on issues of international importance
  3. To discusses and approves the annual budget of the UNO
  4. To elect non-permanent members into the security council and judges of international court of justice
  5. To can amend the UNO charter
  6. It controls the activities of the specialized agencies of the UNO e.g. UNESCO, WHO e.t.c.
  7. Security council

The security council is one of the organs of UNO and it is assumed to be the most powerful of all the organs, making up the organization. Formerly, it was made up of 5 permanent and 6 non-permanent members. It was made enlarged in 1965, bringing 6 non-permanent member to 10, making it 15 member. The 10 non-permanent members are elected for a term of to years from among the member states ( USA, Britain, Russia, China and France). A retiring member is not eligible for immediate solutions to them.

Functions of the security council

  1. Its main responsibility is to ensure world peace and security
  2. It investigate disputes and suggests ways of finding solutions to them
  3. They are elected by the security council in conjunction with the general assembly
  4. The council recommends to states appropriate procedures of adjustment of dispute likely endanger the maintenance of international security
  5. It selects candidates for the post of secretary-General and recommends him to the General Assembly for approval
  6. The secretariat

The secretariat is the administrative unit of the UNO. The UNO headquarters is in New York. It is headed by the secretary General of the organization. He stays in office for 5 years term and could be re-elected

Functions of the secretariat

  1. It handles all correspondence of the organization
  2. It perform the administrative functions of the UNO
  3. It makes available all the facilities needed for all meetings of the organization

Functions of the secretary general

  1. Chief Administrative Officer: he is the chief administrative officer of the organization
  2. Agenda: he prepares the agenda for the General Assembly
  3. He makes annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the united nation
  4. He administers peace-keeping operations world-wide
  5. The Trusteeship Council

This council is made up of the following members of the united Nations:

  1. Member-nations of UNO responsible for administering trust territories
  2. France, China, USSR, Britain and the USA which are not part of the nations administering trust territories
  3. Other member-nations of the UNO elected for a three year term by the General Assembly.

Functions of the trusteeship council

  1. The councils pays regular visit to territories officially for assessment
  2. Reports: to receive reports from states administering these trust territories and petitions from the administered territories and to study these reports for consideration
  3. Self government: to work towards encouraging them for a sustainable self-government
  4. Supervision of the trust territories: to guarantee the supervision, and the administration of the trust territories
  5. The Economic and Social council

This council is made up of 27 members of the UNO. They are elected by the general assembly. Members serve for nine years and settlement of issues or matters are reached by simple majority vote

Functions of the Economic and social council

  1. Conduct research: they carry out studies on issues like education, health, economic, cultural e.t.c recommend same to the general assembly and to the UNO
  2. Prepare of reports: they are also responsible for the preparation of reports on the activities of all Un agencies
  3. It makes recommendation for promoting respect for human rights and freedom for all
  4. It calls international conferences on economic and social matters

Specialized Agencies of United Nation Organization

Linked to the United Nations through special agreements, the separate, autonomous specialized agencies of the UN family set standards and guidelines, help formulate policies, provide technical assistance, and other forms of practical help in virtually all areas of economic and social endeavor.

These are agencies that are autonomous and are existing under the banner or umbrella of the UNO. Example of these specialized agencies are:

  1. ILO; International Labor Organization;formulates policies and programs to improve working conditions and employment opportunities, and defines international labor standards as guidelines for governments.
  2. WHO; world health organization; coordinates programs aimed at solving health problems and the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health; it works in areas such as immunization, health education, and the provision of essential drugs.
  3. IBRD: international bank for reconstruction and development
  4. IMF; international monetary fund;facilitates international monetary cooperation and financial stability, and provides a permanent forum for consultation, advice, and assistance on financial issues.
  5. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)

works to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity and food security, and to better the conditions of rural populations.

  1. The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

promotes education for all, cultural development, protection of the world’s natural and cultural heritage, press freedom, and communication.

  1. The World Health Organization (WHO)

coordinates programs aimed at solving health problems and the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health; it works in areas such as immunization, health education, and the provision of essential drug

  1. The World Bank

group provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce poverty and advance sustainable economic growth.

  1. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

sets international standards necessary for the safety, security, efficiency, and regularity of air transport, and serves as the medium for cooperation in all areas of civil aviation.

  1. The Universal Postal Union (UPU)

establishes international regulations for the organization and improvement of postal services, provides technical assistance, and promotes cooperation in postal matters.

  1. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

fosters international cooperation for the improvement and use of telecommunications of all kinds, coordinates usage of radio and TV frequencies, promotes safety measures, and conducts research.

  1. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

promotes scientific research on the atmosphere and on climate change, and facilitates the global exchange of meteorological data and information.

  1. The International Maritime Organization (IMO)

works to improve international shipping procedures, encourages the highest standards in marine safety, and seeks to prevent marine pollution from ships.

  1. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

promotes international protection of intellectual property and fosters cooperation on copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, and patents.

Purposes of the specialized Agencies

  1. As a result of the activities of these agencies, international conflicts are reduced to the barest minimum
  2. Another purpose is to integrate the interests of the various nations
  3. There was also the general belief that world peace would be promoted and maintain if there were common interest, shared by these agencies
  4. Also that through these agencies a world community would emerge and nations would no more resort to war to resolve conflicts.

Exercises

1. Give a brief history of the United Nations.

2. State and discuss four (4) problems facing the United Nations.

3. What are the guiding principles of the United Nations?

4. Describe any four 9$0 benefits members states of the United Nations derive from the organisation.

5. Highlight the functions of the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Commonwealth Of Nations

Government, SS 3, First Term

Week 7&8

Topic: Commonwealth Of Nations

Definition

The Commonwealth of Nations, often called just the Commonwealth, is an association of 53 independent nations, all but one of which are former British colonies or related dependencies. Although the British empire is mostly no more, these nations grouped together to use their history to promote peace, democracy and development. There are substantial economic ties and a shared history.

Historical Perspectives

Towards the end of the nineteenth century changes began occurring in the old British Empire, as the colonies grew in independence. In 1867 Canada became a ‘dominion’, a self-governing nation considered equal with Britain rather than simply ruled by her. The phrase ‘Commonwealth of Nations’ was used to describe the new relationships between Britain and colonies by Lord Rosebury during a speech in Australia in 1884. More dominions followed: Australia in 1900, New Zealand in 1907, South Africa in 1910 and the Irish Free State in 1921.

In the aftermath of the First World War, the dominions sought a new definition of the relationship between themselves and Britain. At first the old ‘Conferences of Dominions’ and ‘Imperial Conferences’, begun in 1887 for discussion between the leaders of Britain and the dominions, were resurrected. Then, at the 1926 Conference, the Balfour Report was discussed, accepted and the following agreed of dominions:

“They are autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations.”

This declaration was made law by the 1931 Statute of Westminster and the British Commonwealth of Nations was created.

Membership

The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents. The Statute of Westminster 1931, as a fundamental founding document of the organisation, laid out that membership required dominionhood.

The 1949 London Declaration ended this, allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised the British monarch as the “Head of the Commonwealth”.

In the wake of the wave of decolonisation in the 1960s, these constitutional principles were augmented by political, economic, and social principles.

The first of these was set out in 1961, when it was decided that respect for racial equality would be a requirement for membership, leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa’s re-application (which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic).

The 14 points of the 1971 Singapore Declaration dedicated all members to the principles of world peace, liberty, human rights, equality, and free trade.

Aims and Objectives of Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth has a secretariat to oversee its business, but no formal constitution or international laws. It does, however, have an ethical and moral code, first expressed in the ‘Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles’, issued in 1971, by which members agree to operate, including aims of peace, democracy, liberty, equality and an end to racism and poverty. This was refined and expanded in the Harare Declaration of 1991 which is often considered to have “set the Commonwealth on a new course: that of promoting democracy and good governance, human rights and the rule of law, gender equality and sustainable economic and social development.” (cited from the Commonwealth website, page has since moved.) An action plan has since been produced to actively follow these declarations.

Failure to adhere to these aims can, and has, resulted in a member being suspended, such as Pakistan from 1999 to 2004 and Fiji in 2006 after military coups.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE COMMONWEALTH

The commonwealth has helped in the educational development of students from member states. For example, every year, scholarships are awarded to students from member countries to go and study in renowned universities in some developed member nations like Britain itself, Canada and Australia. More recently, scholarships are awarded by the Indian government for students from other member states to pursue further studies in diverse fields of endevour.

Problems of Commonwealth of Nation

Absence of a standing army

Coupled with the problem above is the absence of a standing army to help in the enforcement of decisions and the power to put rogue members back in line. Though this is a problem, one can argue that it is even farfetched. Member nations are independent of each other and there force cannot be brought to bear on members.

Differences in ideology

The member states now ascribe different kinds of ideology and systems of government. Unlike the Parliamentary system that was inherited from the British by their former colonies, the new nations have switched to other systems of government like the Presidential system of government. The use of varied systems of government does not help to unify the organization.

Importance of the Commonwealth

Over the years, the member states of the commonwealth have lost the vigor they once had toward the organization. Member states now have the guts to boycott summit meetings or the Commonwealth games. This has been attributed to the fact that they no longer hold it as important as it once was.

Instability of regimes

Governments in some member states are unstable. This is especially so in those member states who have refused to adopt and practice democracy. Frequent change of government in member states does not allow for continuity in programmes and policies geared toward the interests of the Commonwealth.

Membership of other organization

Aside their membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, member states also belong to other organizations and regional blocs. For example, member states in Africa also belong to the African Union, which is probably fulfilling some of their most pressing needs. Even those in West Africa again belong to the Economic Community of West African States. This situation draws away their interest in the activities of the Commonwealth.

The East – West ideological divide

After independence from Britain, some member states started to lean towards the eastern bloc led by the then Union Soviet Socialist Republic. This eastern bloc pursues policies that are opposite to those pursued by Britain. This difference in ideology is also seen as a problem confronting the Commonwealth.

Exercises

1. What led to the formation of the Commonwealth?

2. Mention some of the achievements of the Commonwealth.

3. What are the problems associated militating against the Commonwealth?

4. What are the criteria for becoming a member of the Commonwealth?

5. Which countries have been suspended from the Commonwealth?

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Government, SS 3, First Term

Week: 5&6

Topic: Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Historical Perspective of OAU

The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was formed on May 25, 1963 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Thirty independent African states attended the inaugural meeting. The organisation was intended to unite all African states against the forces of colonialism and imperialism and also to work towards the resolution of African socio-economic and political problems. The OAU is made up of all independent African states which did not augur well for unity.

1.  Casablanca group: Ghana, Egypt, Morocco, guineas, Mali and Algeria.

2.  Brazaville or African and Malaysian group: Cameroun, Congo Brazzaville, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Niger Republic, etc.

3.  Monrovia group: Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, etc.

At the signing of the charter in Addis Ababa, the existing three blocs were present but only Monrovia and Casablanca was dissolved while Brazzaville or African Madagasky group continued to exist. Therefore, OAU as a body came into existence on May 25, 1963 with 32 signatory governments and at the end of 1973, it comprised of 42 states. The headquarters is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Currently, about 53 countries make up the body and they are all independent states. Eritrea was admitted as the 52nd member of the organization at the summit of Heads of state and government in June 1993 after obtaining its independence from Ethiopia on May 24, 1993. South Africa was equally re-admitted as the 53rd member of OAU on May 24, 1994 after apartheid was disorganised.

Aims and Objective of OAU

1.  It aims to promote the unity and solidarity of African States.

2.  To ensure good living standard for the people.

3.  To work towards the eradication of all forms of colonialism from Africa.

4.  Promotion of international co-operation and peace.

5.  To have a united front on issues of global importance.

6.  To defend sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.

7.  To co-ordinate and harmonise members political, economic, educational, cultural, scientific and defence policies.

8.  To ensure that all Africans enjoyed human rights.

Principles of OAU

1.  All member states are sovereign; none should be under the control of any other state.

2.  They agreed that all disputes among member states should be settled peacefully.

3.  No state is allowed to dominate another.

4.  No member state has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other member states.

5.  Member states should have faith in the policy of non-alignment.

6.  Absolute dedication to the total emancipation of the African territories which are still dependent.

7.  There should be respect for the territorial integrity and independence of each state.

Organs of OAU

1.  The Assembly of Heads of state and Government: This is the supreme organ of the organisation. It reviews the structure, functions and acts of all the organs and any specialised agencies which may be created in accordance with the present charter. The assembly meets at least once a year. Each state has one vote in the assembly and assembly resolutions require two-thirds majority for adoption. Between sessions of the assembly, OAU policy is controlled by council of ministers that meets at least twice a year. The assembly appoints the secretary-general who heads the secretariat.

2.  The Council of Ministers: This consists of foreign ministers or other ministers as are designated by governments of member states. The council meets at least twice a year and it meets in extraordinary sessions when approved by two-thirds of all member states. The council of ministers is responsible for preparing conferences for the assembly. It also implements decision of the assembly of heads of state and government. All resolutions are determined by a simple majority of the members of the council of ministers. Two-thirds of the total membership of the council of ministers forms a quorum for any meeting of the council. The council has the power to determine its own rules of procedure.

3.  General Secretariat: The secretary-general of the organization was appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government with the function of directing the affairs of the secretariat. He has five assistant secretary-generals, each elected from a geographical region by the Assembly for a term of four years. Their functions and that of other employees of the secretariat will be governed by the regulations approved by the Heads of state and government. The General Secretariat is the permanent organ whose task is to service various OAU meetings, implement decisions and resolutions adopted by the summit and council. It keeps documents and archives and also co-ordinates member states in all fields.

4.  Commission of Meditation, Conciliation and Arbitration: Member states pledge to settle disputes among themselves by peaceful means and to this end decides to establish a commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. The conditions of service will be defined by a separate protocol to be approved by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government.

5.  The Liberation Committee: It was established to aid independence movements and look after the interests of already-liberated states.

Achievements of OAU

1.  The organization served as a forum for African leaders to discuss African affairs.

2.  The organization has allowed the African states to take a united stand at the UNO.

3.  It contributed to the settlement of disputes among African states.

4.  It encouraged regional and economic co-operation.

5.  It promoted world peace.

6.  OAU helped in the eradication of apartheid.

7.  It sustained socio-economic development of member states of the organisation.

Problems of the OAU

1.  Due to frequent changes of government, many African states are politically unstable.

2.  Some member states of the organization still owe allegiance to their former colonial masters.

3.  OAU as an organization has no standing army.

4.  Decisions of the organization may not be binding on the members.

5.  Most of the countries are poor which made their economies dependent on foreign powers.

6.  There is shortage of fund for member states to run their daily activities.

7.  There is border conflict among member states.

Exercises

1. Give a brief outline of how the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was formed.

2. State the objectives of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

3. Highlight the functions of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

4. List the achievements of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

5. Enumerate some of the problems associated with the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

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