• GROUP/COMBINED EVENTS
• NIGERIA’S SPORTS HEROES
• FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT IN GROUP/COMBINED EVENTS
• PERSONAL, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 1
• PERSONAL, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2
• CAREER GUIDANCE
• NON-CONTACT GAMES
• GYMNASTICS
• OFFICIALS OF GYMNASTICS AND THEIR DUTIES

GROUP/COMBINED EVENTS

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 1

Topic: Group/Combined events
Content

1. Classification as:
   – Pentathlon
   – Decathlon
   
   
2. List of various events under (a) Decathlon (b) Pentathlon
3. The duration of the competition of decathlon
4. Scoring the events

Group/combined events

Combined events are a combination of track and field events. It started during the ancient Olympic games to test the all round athletic ability of the competitors. There are three types of combined events:

• Penthalon (for men)
• Decathlon (for men)
• Heptathlon

Pentathlon

Pentathlon consists of five events which are held in the following order:

• Long jump
• Javelin throw
• 200m race
• Discus throw
• 1,500m race

Decathlon for men

Decathlon consists of ten events which are held on two consecutive days in the following order:

                           Day one                                                                    Day two                                                                         

• 100m race                                                                                    110m hurdles
• Long jump                                                                                   discus throw
• Shot put                                                                                       pole vault
• High jump                                                                                   javelin throw
• 400 race                                                                                       1,500m race

 Heptathlon for women

Heptathlon for women consists of seven events that are held in two consecutive days in the following order:

          Day one                                                                     Day two

• 100m hurdles                                                             long jump
• High jump                                                                   javelin
• Shot put                                                                       800m
• 200m

CONDUCT OF THE COMPETITION

Particular Safety Regulations

1. Safety Regulations are to be established by the LOC in accordance with the respective national laws of the organising country. The LOC is responsible for informing all event participants of these rules and providing for their application.
2. ii) The safety of all event participants and spectators requires self-discipline, careful attention to pistol handling and caution in moving about the competition area by everybody concerned. It is the responsibility of pentathletes and team representatives to ensure they handle their pistols (and cartridges) safely and efficiently.

iii) The UIPM TD/NTO, Shooting Director or Range Officers may stop the combined event at any time in the interest of safety. Pentathletes and team officials must immediately notify Range Officers of any situation that may be dangerous or which may cause an accident.

1. iv) Dry firing (i.e. the release of an air pistol trigger mechanism by a fitted device which enables the trigger to be operated without discharging any propellant air or gas) and aiming exercises are permitted, but only upon authorization of the Combined Event Director or Shooting Director and only on the firing line.
2. v) Pistols must not be touched when any person is forward of the firing line.
3. vi) Pellet pistols must be made safe by opening the cocking handle and/or loading part.

vii) At the firing station, pistols must always be pointed in a safe direction. In the combined event area, when the pistol is not on the firing point, it must always be in its box.

viii) Pistols may be loaded only at the firing station, and only after the command to ‘uncase and prepare weapons’ is given and only after the command “warming up START” is given.

1. xi) If the command “STOP” is given, all pentathletes must stop shooting immediately and place the pistol on the table pointing in a safe direction, not cocked and untouched.
2. x) After the last shot of each shooting series the pentathlete must ascertain before leaving the firing point, and the Range Officer will verify that there are no pellets in the chamber. Pellet pistols must be made safe by opening the cocking handle and/or loading part. Laser pistols are automatically in “safe mode” (the shot cannot be triggered) if the pentathlete does not “reload” (reset the trigger) and must be rendered safe in this way.

The Start

1. i) The handicap start must use three gates: two gates A and B and one additional Penalty (“P”) Gate. The Start Line for running shall be denoted by a white line 5cm wide on the ground.
2. ii) Pentathletes with a handicap after the previous events of more than 2 minutes will start in a pack start at 2’00”.

iii) The Combined Event has a staggered start at the beginning of the competition (and starts from the shooting line for pentathletes who do not succeed in the shooting series after 50 seconds).

1. iv) In the event of a false start from the shooting line the same rules for a false start will be applied: a 10 second penalty for a false start and disqualification in the case of a blatant attempt to start too early
2. v) Pentathletes are responsible for knowing their own start time, for being at the start line on time and for starting on time. 96 as at 1 January 2014
3. vi) The Announcer will announce “10 minutes” and “5 minutes” prior to the start of the combined event. The Announcer, under the command of the Combined Director, will declare warming up on the shooting range finished. All pentathletes must be at the start area and the Starter/Starter Assistants will begin lining up the pentathletes. One minute before the start, all pentathletes must be at the corresponding gates assembled in the order of their start time.

vii) The Starter will announce – “One minute to start”; “30 seconds”, “20 seconds” and “10 seconds to the Start.” After the OK has been given by the Timekeepers and the Combined Event Director, the Starter will tell the first pentathlete “Take your Marks”, followed by the start signal. All timing equipment will start at the start signal. At the start area, a start clock must be placed so that it is easily readable from the start line and by the timekeepers. The start time for the first pentathlete will be ‘00.00’. Pentathlete No 1 starts at time ’00.00’. Pentathlete No 2 starts at ‘x’ seconds depending on the points difference at that stage, and so on.

viii) Pentathletes must run a short distance (± 20 meters) to the shooting range and start the first shooting series of 5 targets.

Timing

Times for all finishers shall be recorded. Three alternative methods of timekeeping are recognized as official: Manual Timing; Fully Automatic Timing obtained from a Photo Finish System; Timing provided by a Transponder System. In Category “A” Senior UIPM competitions manual timing is not allowed. When automatic judging and timing equipment is provided, it must be used to determine the winner, placing and times for each athlete. The results and time so determined has precedence over the decisions of Timekeepers. In the case of a breakdown or mechanical failure, the timekeepers’ decisions will take precedence and reference must be made to all manual times recorded. In all UIPM Senior Category “A” Competitions video recording is compulsory at the finish line.

1. i) Manual Timing:
2. a) Timekeepers shall be in line with the finish and where possible.
3. b) Timekeepers shall use manually operated electronic timers with digital readouts.
4. c) Three official Timekeepers (one of whom shall be the Chief Timekeeper) shall time all the athletes.
5. d) Each Timekeeper shall act independently and without showing his watch to, or discussing his time with, any other person, shall enter his time on the official form and, after signing it, hand it to the Chief Timekeeper who may examine the watches to verify the reported times.
6. e) For all manually-timed races, times shall be read and recorded as an exact 1/10th of a second.
7. f) If, after converting as indicated above, two of the three watches agree and the third disagrees, the time recorded by the two shall be the official time. If all three watches disagree, the middle time shall be official. If only two times are available and they disagree, the greater time shall be official.
8. g) The Chief Timekeeper,

Acting in accordance with the Rules mentioned above, shall decide the official time for each athlete and provide the result for distribution.

1. ii) Fully Automatic Timing obtained from a Photo Finish System:
2. a) Fully Automatic Timing and Photo Finish System approved by UIPM should be used at all Olympic Competitions. It shall be started automatically by the Starter.
3. b) The System must record the finish through a camera with a vertical slit, positioned in the extension of the finish line, producing a continuous image. The image must also be synchronized with a uniformly marked time-scale graduated in 1/100th of a second.
4. c) The placing of the athletes shall be identified from the image by means of a cursor with its reading line perpendicular to the time scale.
5. d) The System must automatically determine and record the finish times of the pentathlete and must be able to produce a printed image which shows the time of every pentathlete.
6. e) There should be at least two photo finish cameras in action, one from each side. Preferably, these timing systems should be technically independent, i.e. with different power supplies and recording.
7. f) The Running Director shall determine the placing of the pentathletes and their official times. He shall ensure that these results are correctly entered in or transferred to the competition results system and conveyed to the Results team.
8. g) Times from Photo Finish System shall be regarded as official unless for any reason the appropriate official decides that they obviously must be inaccurate. If such is the case, the times of the back-up Timekeepers, if possible adjusted based on information on time intervals obtained from the Photo Finish image, shall be official. Such back-up Timekeepers must be appointed where any possibility exists of failure of the timing system.
9. h) Times shall be read and recorded from the Photo Finish image as follows;

The time shall be read to 1/100th of a second and recorded to 1/10th of a second. 98 as at 1 January 2014

iii) Timing provided by a Transponder System:

1. a) None of the equipment used at the start, along the course or at the finish line should constitute a significant obstacle or barrier to the progress of a pentathlete.
2. b) The weight of the transponder and its housing carried on the pentathletes’ uniform, bib or shoe is not significant.
3. c) The System is started by the Starter’s gun or synchronized with the start signal.
4. d) The System requires no action by an athlete during the competition, at the finish or at any stage in the result processing.
5. e) The resolution is 1/10th of a second (i.e. it can separate athletes finishing 1/10th of a second apart). For all races, time shall be read to 1/10th of a second and recorded to the whole second.
6. f) When transponders are used on the feet Article 5.4.7 still applies.

SCORING

500 Modern Pentathlon points are awarded for obtaining the following times ±1 point for each second faster or slower.

Individual Relay Distance 500 pts Distance 500 pts Senior, Junior, Under 19 (YA) 3200m 13’20” 3200m 13’20” Under 17 (YB) 2400m 10’30” 3200 m 13’20’’ Under 15 (YC) 1600m 7’40” 1600m 7’40” Under 13 (YD) 800m 5’20” 800m 5’20” Under 11 (YE) 400m 4’00” 800m 5’20” Under 9 (YF) 400m 4’00” 800m 5’20”

ASSESSMENT TESTS

1. Combined events are a combination of ____ events
   (a) track and court
   (b) terrace and field
   (c) court and field
   (d) track and field
2. The three (3) types of combined events are
   (a) tricathlon, heptathlon and decathlon
   (b) penthalon, sixcathlon, heptathlon
   (c) decathlon, bicathlon, tricathlon
   (d) penthalon, decathlon, heptathlon
3. During heptathlon, once the command “STOP” is given, athletes are expected to stop
   (a) running
   (b) crawling
   (c) cycling
   (d) shooting
4. One of these is not an event in heptathlon
   (a) 100m race
   (b) high jump
   (c) short put
   (d) marathon
5. Combined events started during the ancient ____ games
   (a) Commonwealth
   (b) All African
   (c) Roman
   (d) Olympic

ANSWERS

1. d
2. d
3. d
4. d
5. d

NIGERIA’S SPORTS HEROES

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 3

Topic: Nigeria’s Sports heroes
CONTENT:

• Career guidance in physical education
• Past and present sports heroes and their contributions in Nigeria
• Professionals Physical Education in Nigeria

Nigerian sport heroes

• Harding James
• Jerry Enyeazu
• Falilat Ogunkoya
• Mary Onyali
• Segun Odegbami
• Dick tiger
• Thunder Balogun
• Christian Chukwu
• Isaac Akiode

Sport heroes and their contributions

• Falilat Ogunkoya ( born 12 May 1986) she is a Nigerian athlete, Ogunkoya has won has a number of national championships including a gold medal in 1996 in the 400 metres, gold in the 200 metres and 400 metres in 1998 an d gold again in 1999 and 2001 in the 400 metres. At the 1987 all African games, in Kenya she won the silver medal in the 200metres in 1995 in the Zimbabwe games she won the silver in the 400 metres at the 1996 summer Olympics she won a bronze medal in the 400m in a personal best and African record of 49.10, which is currently the 12 fastest of all time.
• Sir Jerry Amadi Enyeazu, He found Eyimba football club in 1976. He was the first Director of sports in the then newly created Imo state, in southeastern Nigeria.

• Mary-Onyali Omagbemi ( was born February 3, 1968) is a nigerian sprinter who won the bronze medal in 4×100 metres relay race at the 1992 summer Olympics. She also won the 1996 common wealth games
• Patrick Oluwasegun Odegbami (born august 27, 1952 in lagos) he won 46 caps and scored 23 goals for his country, and guided Nigeria to its African Nations cup title at the 1980 African Nations cup
• Dick Tiger born August 14, 1929 his boxing career record was fought 81 times: won 60, lost 18, drew 3. Dick Tiger was one of the greatest fighters to come out of the African continent. Dick became a two time undisputed world middle weight champion.
• Christian Chukwu, he was the first Nigerian captian to lift the African nation’s cup trophy
• Teslim Thunder Balogun, the first Nigerian to play professional football in England at Peterborough united, holbeach united and queens park rangers and also the first coach to lead the National team to the Olympic games at Mexico’68
• Other professionals are: Adedeji, Udoh, Amuchie, Nwana, Ajala, Fawole Owie, Osodin, Adedoja, Danladi, Musa, Ikulayo, Boroffice, Iganogo, Emiola, okunrotifa, adeniyi, Adeyanju, awosika, achalu, Okafor and Ojeme

Career guidance in physical and health education

Before you can be qualified as a physical and health education specialists you must have obtained one of the following:

• Diploma in physical and health education
• C.E in physical and health education
• ED/BA/BSC in physical education and human kinetics
• Masters in education (M.ED), Masters in arts(MA), Masters in science(MSC) in physical and health education
• PhD in physical and health education

Functions of physical education professionals

• Teaching
• Coaching
• Physical trainer
• Sports psychologist
• Sports marketer
• Exercise therapist
• Sports sociologist
• Sports doctors

 Functions of health education specialists

• Teaching
• Community development workers
• IEC developers
• Health journalism
• Consultancy
• Ground men
• Sports administrator
• Health planners
• Health promoters
• Recreation management/ administrators
• Safety educationists etc.

 ASSESSMENT TESTS

1. Name 10 past Nigerian sporting heroes
2. Mention 10 present day Nigerian sporting heroes
3. List 5 contributions of Nigerian sporting heroes

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT IN GROUP/COMBINED EVENTS

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 2
Topic: Facilities and equipment in group/combined events

Content:

• Facilities and equipment in group/combined events
• Rules and regulations
• Officiating N.B exposure to practice of various events should be empasized
• Safety rules

Facilities and equipment in combined sports

The field

The field should be level and large enough, for field events. The grass can be natural or synthetic

The track

A track can be located in-doors or outdoors. The lanes should be 1.22m (min) and 1.25m (max)

Types of track are:

• Cinder
• Clay
• Asphalt
• Tartan

The costumes

The wears include;

• The short
• The singlet
• The vest
• The track suits
• The socks
• The hose
• The face towel
• The score sheet
• The stop watch
• The score boards
• The pegs
• The starting gun
• The hurdle stand
• The victory stand
• The measuring tape
• The rake
• The clapper
• The draw cards
• The bell
• The pencils/ball pens

Officials in track and field events

• The referee
• The chief track judge
• The track judge
• The chief field judge
• The field judge
• The starter
• The recall starter
• The lap recorder
• The marks man/ assistant starter
• The announcer
• The umpire
• The recorder
• The time keepers
• The press
• The security officers
• The stewards
• The first aider
• The clerk of the course

Duties of the officials

The referee

• He presides over the sport meetings
• He allocates duties to other officials
• He ratifies and sings all results
• He has the final say in all decisions

The track/ judges

• They shall decide the order in which the competitors finish
• The chief track judge is the head

The field judges

• The chief field judge is the head
• They shall judge, measure and
• Record valid trial of the competitors in all jumping and throwing events

The starter

• He shall start all races, using the whistle or gun
• He has the right to disqualify any competitor that beats the gun twice

The recall starter

• He shall start all races using the whistle gun
• He has the right to disqualify any competitor that beats the gun twice

The marks man/ assistant starter

• He shall assist the starter
• He shall lanes for the competitors
• He make sure that the starting rules are followed.

The lap recorder

• They shall keep the record of laps covered by the competitors in races from 1,500mupward.
• They shall ring the bell to signify final lap.

The announcer

• He shall read the names and numbers of the competitors taking part in each event to the public
• He shall announce the result of each event

The umpire

• They shall watch the competitors closely and report any violation of rules to the referee
• They shall also record the results of all the events

The time keeper

• They shall take the time of the competitors
• They shall record them and hand over to the chief time keeper for the ratification of the referee.

The clerk of the course

• Usually the school sports officers/ director
• He is the secretary of all the committees
• He is the organizer of the meeting
• He shall supply all the materials needed
• He is the host of all the officials

ASSESSMENT TEST

1. List four (4) types of tracks available in combined sports
2. Name six (6) officials in combined sports
3. List two (2) duties of each official mentioned in question 2 above

PERSONAL, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 1

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 4
Topic: Personal, school and Community Health

Content:

• Family Life Education
  – meaning and types of families
  – Duties of members of the family

Meaning and types of family

The family is the basic unit of the society that is responsible for supporting, caring for and preparing the children for adulthood.

Family can be defined as a group of people related to one another by blood, marriage or law. The family is usually the first environment of every child, the personality development of the child is highly influenced by the family.

Types of family

There are two types of family

• Nuclear family
• Extended family

Other types of modern day family

• Foster family
• And adopted family

The nuclear family

The nuclear family is made up of the husband, wife or wives and their children. A nuclear family could be monogamous or polygamous.

Monogamy

Monogamy is a marital relationship between one husband, one wife and their children

The extended family

The extended family consists of the husband, wife or wives, their children, grandparents, aunts, uncle and cousins. If it is polygamous family I will include co-wives and their children. This kind of family provides care and support for dependent relatives and interdependence among members of the family unit.

Foster family

The foster family is made up of the adults acting as parents to the children who may or may not be related to them, compensations are awarded to the parents.

Adopted family

Children whose biological parents are unable to cater for are given out to another family by legal action. In adopted family, children are given rights of a child born into the family. The parents receive no compensations, but are expected to perform all the duties of natural parents.

Roles and responsibility of each member

Every member of the family has a role played within the family. The parents are to provide love, food, clothes, shelter and guidance. The role of the child is to be obedient, assist with house chores and child care, perform well in school and prepare for a meaningful adult life.

Responsibility of the family

• It is the responsibility of the family to raise children
• To care for the children from childhood till are old enough to care for themselves.
• It is responsible for the transmission of societal norms and culture to such children
• It is the responsibility of the family to provide emotional, psychological, moral and material support to them.
• It is responsible for the provision of physical security such as food, clothing, shelter and other needs.

Roles of the father

Provision of food, shelter and money for the family, and making important decisions

Roles of the mother

• Preparation of food
• Keeping the house in order
• Nurturing and raising children
• Teaching the children morals and values

       Roles of the children

• Obeying their parents
• Assisting in performing household chores
• Performing well in school
• Living up to the family’s expectations

ASSESSMENT TEST

1. ____  is the basic unit of the society
(a) school
(b) church
(c) family
(d) individual

2. Members of a family can be related to one another through all these except
(a) school
(b) blood
(c) marriage
(d) law

3. The type of family made up of the husband, wife or wives and their children is
(a) nuclear
(b) extended
(c) complex
(d) simple

4. The adult acting as parents in a foster family receive _____for looking after the children
(a) insult
(b) bribe
(c) compensation
(d) loan

5. One of these is not a role of children in the family
(a) preparing the food
(b) assisting in performing household chores
(c) performing well in school
(d) obeying their parents

ANSWERS

1. c
2. a
3. a
4. c
5. a

PERSONAL, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 5
Topic: Personal, school and Community Health

Content:

• Puberty in boys and girls
• Teenage pregnancy and its consequences

Puberty in boys and girls

Puberty is the stage in human physiological development, when somebody becomes capable of sexual reproduction. It is marked by genital maturation, development of secondary sex characteristics in puberty, both boys and girls experience a swift increase in body size, a change in shape and composition of the body, and a rapid development of the reproductive organs and other characteristics marking sexual maturity.

Physical changes that take place in boys

• Boy voice gets deeper
• His muscles develops
• His chest gets broader
• Hair starts growing under his arm , on his chest and face
• During this time his penis and testicles will grow bigger and longer
• Hair also develops at the base of his penis.

What is an erection? An erection is when a boy’s penis hardens and lengthens. Most erections are not straight and tend to either have a curvy bend upward or to either side.

What is a wet dream?

A wet dream is when some semen (the sticky liquid that sperm is part of) comes out from a boy’s penis while he is asleep. A boy may remember he has a sexual dream, or he may just notice a wet patch on his pyjamas or on the sheets when he wakes up.

Changes that takes place in girls during puberty

• The nipples starts to enlarge
• Few pubic hair development
• Enters into a period of rapid growth
• The ovaries begin to produce estrogen
• Breast will start to grow
• Her face gets rounder

What is menstrual period?

A period, or menstruation, is the shedding of the endometrium – the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstruation is also known as menses. Menses are part of normal sexual health for women during reproductive age. When a girl ‘’has her period’’ , a small amount of bleeding takes place from  her  vagina.

Menstruation that includes bleeding from the vagina is found mainly among humans and similar animals, such as primates

In humans, a period is a shedding of endometrial tissue from the womb that is released through the vagina.

Women have a period approximately every 28 days; however, there is some variation in this cycle, ranging from a 24-day to a 35-day cycle. A period is part of the woman’s menstrual cycle.

Differences between male and female puberty

Two main differences between puberty in boys and puberty in girls are the age at which it begins, and the major sex steroid involved.

The hormones that dominate females’ development are estradiol and estrogen, while estradiol promotes growth of breast and uterus.

Teenage pregnancy and it’s consequences

Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20.    A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of her periods.  In well-nourished females, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.

Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy related issues as other women. There are, however, additional concerns for those under 15 of age as they are less likely to be physically developed enough to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. For girls aged 15–19 risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age.

Consequences of teenage pregnancy

Emotional Crisis

A teenager may suffer an emotional crisis if she becomes pregnant and does not want the baby. This crisis may lead to rash behavior such as attempting to self-abort the baby or a suicide attempt.

Worries about Future

Uncertainty about the future may arise when a teen is pregnant. A teen may feel she does not have enough knowledge to be a mother. She may also have fears about how having a baby will impact her own life and dreams for the future.

Delayed Education

Education may be put on hold when a teen becomes pregnant. Some pregnant teens may decide to leave high school. Others who were planning to attend college in the future may put off that experience after becoming pregnant. They may decide to focus on the baby or getting married rather than pursuing further education.

Smoking & Drugs

Smoking and drug use may be problematic during a teen pregnancy. A teen may not have the willpower to stop using substances that can harm the developing baby.

Exhaustion

Exhaustion may arise during a pregnancy. A pregnant teen should try to exercise during the pregnancy; however, if exhaustion arises it is important to know that this is often a normal part of pregnancy. Getting the standard 8 hours of sleep every night (or more) is important.

Depression

Depression may arise when a teenager is pregnant. The teen may fall into a depression while trying to handle the emotions a pregnancy creates and all of the possibly negative feedback about the pregnancy from friends and family. The fluctuating hormones that a pregnancy causes may also prompt depression.

Neglect of Baby

Once their baby is born, teenagers may not be willing or able to give it the undivided attention it needs. A teen may not be an adequate mother because she is overwhelmed by the constant needs of the baby. She may grow annoyed at the lack of freedom to interact with her peer group due to the baby.

Trouble with Finances

Financial difficulty may arise during a teen pregnancy or after the baby is born. It is expensive to raise a baby. Teens who do not have full-time employment may struggle to cover the basic expenses of life.

ASSESSMENT TEST

1. The stage in human physiological development when a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction is known as
   (a) liberty
   (b) kiberty
   (c) puberty
   (d) doberty
2. Only boys experience puberty
   (a) true
   (b) false
   (c) none of the above
   (d) all of the above
3. One of these is not a physical change that occur in boys during puberty
   (a) voice gets deeper
   (b) muscles develops
   (c) chest gets broader
   (d) breast will start to grow
4. Menstruation is also known as
   (a) denses
   (c) strensis
   (c) menses
   (d) benses
5. Pregnancy in females under the age of 20 is known as
   (a) adult pregnancy
   (b) toddler pregnancy
   (c) children pregnancy
   (d) teenage pregnancy

ANSWERS

1. c
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. d

CAREER GUIDANCE

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 6
Topic: Career Guidance
Content:

• Career Guidance
• Sports promition agencies and bodies in Nigeria
• (a) Sports associations
  (b) NAPHER-SD
  (c) Nigeria Institute of Sports
• Assertiveness and Communicative skills

Career Guidance

Before you can be qualified as a physical and health education specialists you must have obtained one of the following:

• Diploma in physical and health education
• C.E in physical and health education
• ED/BA/BSC in physical education and human kinetics
• Masters in education (M.ED), Masters in arts(MA), Masters in science(MSC) in physical and health education
• PhD in physical and health education

Functions of physical education specialist

• Teaching
• Coaching
• Physical trainer
• Sports psychologist
• Sports marketer
• Exercise therapist
• Sports sociologist
• Sports doctors

 Functions of health education specialists

• Teaching
• Community development workers
• IEC developers
• Health journalism
• Consultancy
• Ground men
• Sports administrator
• Health planners
• Health promoters
• Recreation management/ administrators
• Safety educationists etc.

Sport promotion agencies in Nigeria

Need for promotion of sport in our society

Apart from the life- enriching and fulfilling role of sport, it is also part of man’s common culture in that it responds to an inherent human physical and mental desire as well as being a way of responding to the inherent desire of humans to move their bodies, it also does the following;

• Fosters stamina and physical health
• Relieves mental stress
• Helps to prevent the habitual life style disease
• It enhances the nations interest in sports
• Makes a deep emotional impression
• It fosters sense of personal responsibility
• It promotes self control and spirit of fair play
• Sport also fosters in the young a communication ability
• It promotes sound education for children and youth
• Promotion of a new sense of cohesion in our regional communities
• Create employment opportunities
• Contributes to the economic development of our community
• It is an element of the world’s common cultural heritage

Sport promotion agencies and their bodies in Nigeria

• Nigeria Sport Association
• Nigeria Association of physical Health and Recreation (NAPHEP)
• Nigeria Institute of Sports

Agencies Promoting Health Education in Nigeria

• Ministry of Health
• Nigerian Drug Law Enforcement Agencies(NDLEA)
• Federal Road Safety Corps(FRSC)
• National Agency for Food Drug Administration and control(NAFDAC)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)
• United State Agency for International Developments(USAID)
• World Health Organization(WHO)
• The United Nations Children’s Fund

Career Opportunities in Physical and health Education

Several different career opportunities are available for individuals interested in a career in physical education or health education. Below are a few of the most common choices an online degree in education can help prepare you for.

• Athletics coach

Coaches in elementary and secondary schools teach students the basic rules of team sports, as well as proper form and techniques. They run practice sessions and manage the team during competitions or games with other teams.

• Health teacher

Health teachers teach students about various mental, physical, emotional and sexual health issues in a classroom setting. They provide information and lead discussions on topics such as nutrition, safe sex, tobacco use, drug and alcohol abuse, and medicine.

• Physical education teacher

Physical education teachers, also known as PE or gym teachers, teach students the rules and motor skills necessary to participate in individual and team sports. PE teachers at elementary schools usually teach half-hour classes to various groups of students throughout the day, while teachers at secondary schools might teach fewer but longer classes.

• Athletics Administration

Athletic administration programs also offer those who currently work in the field of sports a chance to broaden their knowledge and explore other career possibilities within the sports industry.

• Gym teacher

A gym teacher, also called a physical education teacher, instructs students on principles of fitness and health. Topics covered may include nutrition, well-being, and exercise.

• Fitness Instructor

Fitness instructors may work with individuals or groups. They demonstrate and teach proper techniques when exercising or using gym equipment. These fitness professionals assist clients with cardiovascular workouts, strength training and stretching.

• Group Executive Instructor

By demonstrating proper technique, correcting participants and explaining the value of particular movements, group exercise instructors help individuals get the most out of their exercise experience.

ASSESSMENT

1. List the five (5) qualifications needed to be a physical and health education specialist.
2. What are the functions of a physical and health education specialist?
3. Name two (2) agencies promoting sports in Nigeria

NON-CONTACT GAMES

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 7
Topic: Non-contact Games

Content:

• Swimming
  – Basic swimming styles(crawl, breast stroke, butterfly)
  – Swimming skills
  – Swimming equipment

Swimming: Basic swimming styles

Swimming is the sport or activity of moving through water by moving your arms and legs. Competitive swimming became popular in the nineteenth century. Swimming is an individual or team sport and activity. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley.

The goal of competitive swimming is to beat the competitors in any given event. Swimming in competition should create the least resistance in order to obtain maximum speed. However, some professional swimmers who do not hold a national or world ranking are considered the best in regard to their technical skills.

Typically, an athlete goes through a cycle of training in which the body is overloaded with work in the beginning and middle segments of the cycle, and then the workload is decreased in the final stage as the swimmer approaches competition.

The final stage of swimming is referred to as  “shave and taper”: the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair for the sake of reducing drag and having a sleeker and more hydrodynamic feel in the water.

Swimming is an event at the Summer Olympic Games, where male and female athletes compete in 16 of the recognized events each. Olympic events are held in a 50-meter pool, called a long course pool.

Swim styles

In competitive swimming, four major styles have been established. These have been relatively stable over the last 30–40 years with minor improvements. The four main strokes in swimming are:

•  Butterfly (fly) – The butterfly stroke stands out among the competitive strokes because of it’s unique and spectacular technique. It uses a symmetrical arm stroke with an above water recovery. It also uses a wave-like body undulation and a dolphin kick. Butterfly is the second fastest swim stroke after freestyle. It has a reputation of being hard to learn and is quickly exhausting.

• Backstroke (back) – Backstroke is swum on the back. It uses alternating circular arm movements and an above water recovery. The legs execute a flutter kick similar to the one used in freestyle. Backstroke is faster than breaststroke but slower than butterfly. Physicians often prescribe backstroke swimming to people experiencing back problems because it gives the back an excellent workout.

• Breaststroke (breast) – Breaststroke is the most popular swim stroke of all. In breaststroke, both arms execute half-circular arm movements at the same time under water in front of the swimmer. The arm recovery also occurs under water. The legs simultaneously execute a whip kick.

Breaststroke is often the first swimming stroke taught to beginners. In fact, many casual swimmers can only swim this stroke. The advantage of breaststroke is that beginners can keep their head above the water. This avoids breathing and orientation issues. More experienced swimmers however submerge their head during the stroke cycle to improve efficiency.Breaststroke is the slowest of the competitive strokes

• Freestyle (free) – The Freestyle Stroke or front crawl is often the preferred stroke of seasoned swimmers. It uses alternating arm movements with an above water recovery. The legs execute a flutter kick. Freestyle is fast and efficient. In fact it is the fastest of all swimming strokes.

Events in competition may have only one of these styles except in the case of the individual medley, or IM, which contains all four. In this latter event, swimmers swim equal distances of butterfly, then backstroke, breaststroke, and finally, freestyle.

Swimming Equipment

Equipment refers to the materials and items used for swimming that are movable and expendable such as:

• The swimming suit or trunks
• The head gear for women
• The floaters for novices
• The protective device for beginners and drivers
• The light bamboo poles
• The rubber tubes
• The whistles etc.

Pool’s dimension

• Length                              -50m
• Width -21 minimum
• Depth -2.0m minimum
• Walls -shall be parallel
• Number of lanes -8
• Width of a lane -2.5m each
• Water temperature -25⁰-28⁰  Celsius

ASSESSMENT

1. Swimming is the sport or activity of moving through water by moving your
   (a) knees and toes
   (b) head and shoulder
   (c) eyes and face
   (d) arms and legs
2. Competitive swimming became popular in the ____ century
   (a) tenth
   (b) eighteenth
   (c) seventeenth
   (d) nineteenth
3. The goal of competitive swimming is to
   (a) learn how to swim
   (b) beat the competitors in any given event
   (c) survive in water
   (d) win money
4. All of these are swimming styles except
   (a) breaststroke
   (b) mosquito
   (c) butterfly
   (d) freestyle
5. The final stage of swimming is referred to as  “shave and ____”
   (a) break
   (b) taper
   (c) cut
   (d) sleek

ANSWERS

1. d
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. d

GYMNASTICS

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 9
Topic: Gymnastics

• Stunts and tumbling e.g. forward roll, head stand and crab walks, cat, wheel, limp, frog.
• Floor activities
  – classification of floor activities
  – values of floor activities

Gymnastics

The performance commences when the gymnast raise his hand to indicate ‘’ readiness’’ and comes to an end when he raises his two hands to signal end of the performance. The grading is done according to how complex the events are.

Gymnastic activities

Gymnastics cover a range of activities which includes:

• The stunts
• The tumbling/ agility
• The activities on rope
• The activities on beams
• Compensatory

Stunts (individual)

They are:

• The rabbit jump
• He frog jump
• The cat spring
• The duck walk
• The cycling in the air
• The sit-up
• The push- up
• The trunk curl

Stunts with partner

• They are the cock fight
• The duck fight
• The rocking chair
• The lift the log
• The wheel barrow
• The Chinese get up
• The fireman’s lift
• The leg wrestling

Tumbling

Performed without apparatus they are;

• The forward roll
• The backward roll
• The side roll
• The drive forward roll
• The tip –up
• The head stand
• The hand stand
• The cartwheel

Activities on the rope

• The climbing using hands only
• The swinging on rope
• The hanging
• The heave vault using rope
• The stand on rope
• The crossed leg climbing

Activities on the beam

They are;

• The heave vault
• The gate vault
• The face vault
• The oblique back vault
• The balance walk
• The upward and downward circle

Stunts on horse

They are:

• The squat vault
• The straddle vault
• The front vault
• The side vault

Stunts on bar

They are:

• The dips
• The travelling
• The heave vault
• The cycling under
• The skin the cat
• The chinning
• The swing and dismount
• The swing from shoulder
• The forward roll from straddle position

Stunts on rings

They are;

• The bird’s rest
• The monkey hang
• The inverted hang

Box Work

Box work involves activities that are performed on the box e.g. the vaults.

Mata work

Mat work involves activities that are performed on the mat e.g. the activities like forward roll

The Values of Gymnastics

• It develops the muscles of the arm, shoulder, chest and abdomen
• It develops physical strength and power
• It develops physical fitness, agility and mobility and flexibility
• It develops the ability to coordinate and balance
• It is designed for alertness
• It develop skills that are useful for sports and games
• It develops courage
• It provides means of livelihood
• It develops ability to break falls
• It improves body posture

ASSESSMENT

1. In gymnastics, grading is done according to how ____ the events are
   (a) complex
   (b) simple
   (c) long
   (d) short
2. The performance commences when the gymnast raise his hand to indicate
   (a) start
   (b) begin
   (c) readiness
   (d) commencement
3. A gymnastic performance ends when the person performing
   (a) lands
   (b) raises his two hands
   (c) bends down
   (d) signals to the umpire
4. One of these is not an activity in gymnastics
   (a) stunts
   (b) tumbling
   (c) rope
   (d) water
5. Mat work involves activities that are performed on the
   (a) carpet
   (b) rug
   (c) mat
   (d) tile

ANSWERS

1. a
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. c

OFFICIALS OF GYMNASTICS AND THEIR DUTIES

Physical Health Education, JSS 3 Second Term

Week 10

Topic: Officials of Gymnastics and their duties
Content

1. Safety Rules for non-contact games

Officials of Gymnastics

The officials are:

• Referee
• Judges
• Scorers
• The announcer
• The doctor
• The clerks
• The mat chair man
• The time keeper

Duties of the spotter in gymnastics

• To prevent the performer from sustaining injuries
• To support and assist the performer
• To aid mastery of skills
• To help correct a wrongly performed skill
• To give confidence to the performer

Safety precautions

• Have a proper warm- up before activity
• Check the areas and make sure they are free from hazards
• Wear the correct costumes
• Never manage any apparatus
• Master the fundamental skills before performing
• Proceed from simple to complex activities
• Ask questions when in doubt
• Always follow instructions
• Be sure of a spotter before performing a difficult activity
• Avoid distractions
• Practice skills within your capabilities
• Avoid wearing ornaments during your activities e.g. earrings
• Correct matching of partners
• Provide enough landing foam
• Provide enough flood light in activity area.

ASSESSMENT

1. List seven (7) officials of gymnastics

2. Mention 4 duties of the spotter in gymnastics

3. Enumerate ten (10) safety cautions in gymnastics