JSS2 Third Term- Home Economics

  • BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP
  • MARRIAGE
  • PREGNANCY
  • PREPARATION FOR CHILD BIRTH
  • BABY’S LAYETTE
  • SS1 HOME ECONOMICS THIRD TERM: CHILD DEVELOPMENT
  • JSS2 HOME ECONOMICS THIRD TERM: CHILD CARE
  • JSS2 HOME ECONOMICS THIRD TERM: IMMUNISATION
  • JSS2 HOME ECONOMICS THIRD TERM: FAMILY BUDGET

BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP

Home Economics JSS3

Week 1
Topic: BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP

Contents:

Methods of Developing Boy/Girl Relationship

Guidelines for Healthy and Wholesome Boy/Girl Relationship

Problems Associated with Unhealthy Boy/Girl Relationship

Courtship

A. BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP

A Relationship is the way in which two or more people or things are connected, or the state of being connected, close association between two or more people. A boy/girl relationship usually starts when a boy and a girl meet and they develop an attraction or a feeling of likeness towards each other. It comes before courtship. In some cases, the relationship between a boy and a girl in a school may not lead to courtship.

B. METHODS OF DEVELOPING BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP

There are certain ways by which boy/girl relationship develops in the school.

  1. Participating in sports and games
  2. Joining school clubs e.g boy scout and girl guides, debating society e.t.c
  3. Becoming members and taking part in religious organization activities
  4. Participating in community development projects
  5. Taking part in school leadership activities such as school prefects, class prefects e.t.c

C. GUIDELINES FOR HEALTHY AND WHOLESOME BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP

  1. Adolescents should choose friends who have good characters
  2. They should seek their parent’s approval of their friends
  3. They should bring their friends home and introduce them to their parents
  4. They should feel free to discuss their problems with parents
  5. They should choose friends who have common interests with them
  6. Friends should be free to visit each other’s home
  7. Parents should discuss freely with children at all times

D. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP

  1. Unhealthy sexual relationship before marriage
  2. Sexual Transmitted Infections or diseases like HIV/AIDS, Gonorrhea, Syphilis e.t.c
  3. Teenage pregnancy
  4. Dropping out of school
  5. Lack of self discipline and respect
  6. Anti-social behavior such as stealing, smoking e.t.c
  7. Abortion and death

E. COURTSHIP

Courtship is a process of relationship which leads to marriage. Courtship period is the time during which the young man and woman intending to marry get to know each other. At this period they get to know each other better.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OR ACTIVITIES INVOLVED WITH COURTSHIP

  1. The intending partners find out more about each other e.g their like and dislike
  2. They determines how well suited they are to go into a lasting union
  3. They find out how each is accepted in the other’s family
  4. They learn about each other’s family customs and traditions way of life
  5. They find out the extent to which they really love and care for each other
  6. They discuss their future plans

Assessment.

  1. What is a Relationship?
  2. Mention 5 problems associated with boy/girl relationship.
  3. Mention how we can develop boy/girl relationship.
  4. Mention 5 activities involved with courtship.

MARRIAGE

Home Economics JSS3

Week 2
Topic: MARRIAGE

Contents:

Factors to Consider when Choosing a Life Partner

Marriage Systems in Nigeria

Why People Marry

A. INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS MARRIAGE?

Marriage is the union of a man and a woman as husband and wife. Marriage is a legally or formally recognized union of a man and a woman as partners in a relationship. Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws, as well as society in general

B. FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A PARTNER

  1. Age
  2. Background
  3. Economic security
  4. Character
  5. Health
  6. Love
  7. Compatibility
  8. Parental consent
  9. Blood group

C. MARRIAGE SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA

Nigeria is made up of different ethnic group. Each ethnic group often has its own marriage system

  1. Traditional or Customary Marriage: This is a marriage entered into according to native law and customs. It differs from one area to another in Nigeria. Thus, there are traditional marriage customs for the Igbos, Hausas, Yorubas, Edos, Effiks e.t.c. Traditional marriage can be either monogamy or polygamy. It is common practice for people to perform the traditional marriage rites first before the other forms such as the church marriage or court marriage.
  2. Marriage under Ordinance or Court marriage: It is contracted in the court before a court registrar.

Features of Court Marriage

  • It does not allow either of the couples to enter into a second marriage, unless at the death or official divorce of the other partner
  • It is provided by the government
  • It is a monogamous form of marriage
  • A marriage ordinance certificate is given to the couple who marry this way

      3. Church marriage: It is conducted in a church according to the holy bible by a Pastor. Christians perform church marriage. It is a monogamous form of marriage, where a man marries only one wife. Many community recognize this type of marriage as wedding.

     4. Muslim or Islamic marriage: This type of marriage takes place in a mosque or the house of the  parents of the woman. It is carried out according to the instructions in the Holy quran and Hadith. In this form of marriage, the man is allowed to marriage many wives. It is polygamous, however, he should not live with more than four wives at a time and the woman are to be treated equally. This marriage is conducted by an Imam.

     5. Other forms of marriage

  • Gift marriage: A girl may be given out for marriage by her parents as a sort of gift even without her consent. In this case, there will be no courtship or bride price.
  • Widow Inheritance marriage: This is a marriage where a male kinsman such as the son of a dead man of very close relatives marries his dead father’s or brother’s wife. He becomes the legal husband and the children belongs to him.
  • Ghost marriage: This is a system of marriage where the younger brother of a dead husband to be is expected to marry and have children in the dead man’s name. Both the wife and children belong to the dead man.

C. WHY PEOPLE MARRY

  1. For companionship
  2. Desire to overcome loneliness
  3. Desire to have children
  4. To satisfy parents wish for their children to get married
  5. Desire to become economically secure
  6. Fear of remaining single
  7. Opportunity to gain social stakes
  8. Desire for freedom from parents
  9. For protection

Assessment.

  1. What is marriage?
  2. What are the factors to consider when choosing a partner?
  3. List the different types of marriage system in Nigeria.
  4. Why do people marry?

PREGNANCY

Home Economics JSS3

Week 3
Topic: PREGNANCY

Contents:

What is Pregnancy?

Stages of Pregnancy

Caring for a Pregnant Woman

A. WHAT IS PREGNANCY?

Pregnancy is the result of the fertilization of the female ovum or egg by the male cell or sperm. Pregnancy is also the period from conception to birth. After the egg is fertilized by a sperm and then implanted in the lining of the uterus, it develops into the placenta and embryo, and later into a foetus. Pregnancy usually lasts 40 weeks, beginning from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period, and is divided into three trimesters, each lasting three months. Pregnancy is that state or condition when a female carries a foetus in her womb for about nine months.

  A foetus is an unborn baby. The male sex cell is called Sperm. The female sex cell is called Ovum or Egg. It is produced in the ovary. The process of producing an ovum by the ovary is called Ovulation. If there is a sexual relationship or intercourse between a man and woman at the period the ovum is produced, the sperm will fertilize the ovum, this will result in pregnancy. If there is no sexual relationship during this period, the released ovum will die off in a day or two, then menstruation occurs.

SIGNS OF PREGNANCY

  1. Menstruation stops
  2. Breasts become fuller and tender. Nipple become dark
  3. Nausea and vomiting may occur, especially in the morning (morning sickness)
  4. There may be frequent urination
  5. The abdomen enlarges from about 3 months
  6. As the pregnancy advances, the mother may feel the baby’s movement.

B. STAGES OF PREGNANCY DEVELOPMENT

Pregnancy goes through three stages. Each stage takes 3 months. These stages are referred to as Trimesters.

First Trimester: This is the first three months of pregnancy. This is a very delicate period because if anything happens to the foetus at this stage, it can lead to abortion or miscarriage. The placenta forms to provide the foetus through the umbilical cord.

Second Trimester: This is the pregnancy period between 3 and 6 months. This stage is more stable than the first trimester.

Third Trimester: This is the pregnancy period from 6 to 9 months. It requires adequate nourishment for growth. At the end of this trimester, the mother enters into labor and the child is born.

C. CARING FOR A PREGNANT WOMAN

In the caring for a pregnant woman, the following aspects must be considered.

  1. Nutrition during pregnancy
  2. Hygiene
  3. Posture
  4. Exercise
  5. Special dresses

I. GUIDELINES FOR GOOD NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY

  1. Her meals must be balanced
  2. She should increase her intake of protein, mineral, iron for blood, calcium for bones
  3. Extra vitamins are necessary for good health
  4. She is required to drink enough water daily
  5. Roughage from fruits and vegetables can improve digestion and bowel movement
  6. Carbohydrates and greasy food should be reduced to prevent over-weight and digestive up-sets.

II. POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF POOR NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY

  1. Low birth weight
  2. Different forms of malformation in the child
  3. Mother’s health might be affected too

III. ANTE-NATAL CARE

Ante-natal care is the care required by a pregnant woman before the birth of the child. The pregnant woman visits the hospital regularly to see doctors for check-up. Many tests are carried out such as urine test, blood pressure, weight, blood tests, height of uterus and heart beat of the foetus. At the clinic, the woman also learns about child care and how to care for herself.

Assessment.

  1. What is Pregnancy?
  2. What is Ovulation?
  3. Explain the Stages of Pregnancy.
  4. What is Ante-natal care?
  5. List 5 signs of pregnancy.

PREPARATION FOR CHILD BIRTH

Home Economics JSS3

Week 4

Topic: PREPARATION FOR CHILD BIRTH

Contents:

How To Prepare For Child Birth

Arrival of the Baby

Post-natal Care

A. How To Prepare For Child Birth

It is very important that a pregnant or expectant mother prepares for the delivery well in advance. The following are the important things that are required by the mother:

For the Mother:

  1. Sanitary pads
  2. Personal clothing
  3. Toiletries
  4. Bed linen
  5. Disinfectant

For the Baby:

  1. Clothes
  2. Baby Diapers
  3. Towels
  4. Toiletries
  5. Baby’s comb
  6. Shawl
  7. Baby’s feeding units and  food

B. Arrival of the Baby

Arrival of the baby is the stage in pregnancy where the baby is about to be born, that is, the end of the third trimester. It is generally called Delivery.

SIGNS OF LABOR

Signs of labor are the indicators that the baby is ready to arrive. These include the following:

  1. There is strong movement at intervals in the stomach and pain in the waist of the woman. This is called Contraction.
  2. There is an appearance of  little blood and mucus
  3. There is fluid from the vagina
  4. These signs of labor are followed by delivery.

C. Post-Natal care

Post natal care is the care required by a mother and the child after child-birth. There are some minor problems that may occur to the mother after birth. Such as:

  1. After birth pains
  2. Difficulty in urination after child birth
  3. Breast pains
  4. Bleeding and some minor problems like a taste for a special diet

The newly born child still needs the regular attention of a doctor. The nursing mother is advised on two to take care of the baby

Important Points about Post-Natal Care

The nursing or lactating mother should:

  1. Feed very well
  2. Perform the right exercises regularly
  3. Have enough rest
  4. Keep clean always
  5. Give child necessary immunization at the right time

Assessment.

  1. How do we prepare for child birth?
  2. Mention 3 signs of labor.
  3. mention 5 important points about post-natal care.

BABY’S LAYETTE

Home Economics JSS3

Week 5

Topic: BABY’S LAYETTE

Contents:

What is a Baby’s Layette?

Uses of the Baby’s Layette

A. What is a Baby’s Layette?

Layette is the complete set of clothes required by a new-born baby. The following factors should guide the mother in selecting the clothes for the new born.

  1. Every item selected for the new born must be light and soft
  2. They should be large and free for the baby to allow longer use as the baby grows
  3. The materials for the clothes must be washable, and easy to dry and iron
  4. The materials should be easy to put on and off the baby.

A baby’s layette should be ready before the baby’s arrival.

B. Uses of the Baby’s Layette

  1. To protect the baby
  2. To keep the baby warm and aid in the regulation body temperature
  3. To make the baby  look beautiful
  4. To keep baby comfortable

Suggested Layette for a Baby

  1. Two to three dozen napkins
  2. Three to four plastic pants
  3. Two to three special napkin safety pins
  4. Four vests
  5. Three night gowns
  6. Three dresses and suit
  7. Two pairs of stockings and boots
  8. Two sweaters/cardigans
  9. Six bibs
  10. Two shawls

Other items required for the baby are:

  1. A baby’s cot
  2. Two blankets
  3. Two to three cot sheets
  4. A rubber sheet
  5. A mosquito net

Items for baby’s bath: two towels (one large and one small), one face towel

Assessment.

  1. What factors should be considered while selecting clothes for the new born?
  2.  Mention 10 suggested layette for a baby.
  3. What are the uses of  a baby’s layette?

SS1 Home Economics Third Term: Child Development

Home Economics JSS3

Week 6

Topic: CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Contents:

Factors Influencing Child Development

Principles of Child Development

Areas of Child Development

Conditions necessary for Child Development

A. Introduction

A normal child grows rapidly in size, height and weight. If the child is making progress in what he does with his mind, and body, he is said to be developing.

Growth: Is an increase in the physical size of the whole body or any of its part.

Development: Is an increase in skills and complexity of function

Factors Influencing Child Development

  1. Heredity: this is the tendency for a parent to transfer characteristics to his/her child
  2. Environment: this includes everything that is outside the child.

B. Principles of Child Development

  1. Children have individual differences
  2. Individual differences make children to develop differently
  3. A child should develop steadily to form a definite pattern
  4. Development starts from the head and then spread to other part of the body
  5. Development is influenced by heredity and the environment

C. Areas of Development

  1. Physical Development: This development involves the physical structure and their function in a child e.g the brain muscle and the bones.
  2. Mental Development: This is the development of intellectual abilities. It involves the ability to think, understand, solve problems e.t.c
  3. Social Development: This involves the development of behaviour that is acceptable roles and social attitudes.
  4. Emotional Development: This involves feelings and how a person expresses such feelings. For instance: anger, happiness e.t.c
  5. Moral Development: This development shows in behavioural patterns and in how children treat other people.
AGEDEVELOPMENT
1ST month1.       Head needs support as it is not yet strong. 2.       Hands are always tightly fisted. 3.       Sleeps most of the time,wakes up,cries and feeds. 4.       Responds to sound.  
2nd month1.       Has distinct cries for food, and pan 2.       Raises head and chest lying on his abdomen 3.       Plays with his hands when lying on his back 4.       May sleep all night or during the day
9th and 12th1.       Stands with some form of support 2.       Most children may start walking 3.       Cuts more teeth 4.       Can speak one or two words 5.       Birth weight triples in healthy babies

Conditions necessary for Child Development

  1. Love and care from family
  2. Good nutrition
  3. Clothing
  4. Exercise
  5. Rest
  6. Medical care
  7. A safe and conductive environment

Assessment.

  1. What is Development?
  2. Explain 5 areas of Development.
  3. What are the conditions necessary for child development?
  4. List the factors that influence child development.

JSS2 Home Economics Third Term: Child Care

Home Economics JSS2

Week 7

Topic: CHILD CARE

Contents:

Advantages of Breast Feeding

Disadvantages of Bottle Feeding

Bathing the Baby

A. INTRODUCTION: CHILD CARE

The child must be provided with good nutrition. Poor feeding of infancy can retard growth. A baby can be fed by the use of either the breast or bottle. The breast milk is the best.

  1. The Natural Breast Feeding: Breast feeding is the natural way to feed a baby
  2. Artificial Bottle Feeding: This involves giving a baby artificial milk, often through the use of feeding bottle.

B. ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING

  1. Breast milk contains all the nutrients needed by the baby
  2. It contains anti-bodies which protect the child against diseases and infections
  3. It is sterile and free from disease germ
  4. It is produced in the right temperature
  5. It does not require any elaborate preparation
  6. It is easily digested and absorbed by the body
  7. Breast-fed babies are not easily constipated
  8. Breast feeding brings mother and child very close.It makes the baby happy
  9. It is cheaper than artificial feeding

Colostrum: Is the first milk produced in the first few days by a nursing mother. It is yellowish in color. It helps to clear the baby’s first sticky stool called Meconium

REASONS FOR ARTIFICIAL FEEDING

  1. When the mother is working full-time outside the home
  2. When there are multiple births e.g. twins
  3. When the mother cannot produce enough milk
  4. When the mother is sick and cannot breast feed.

C. DISADVANTAGES OF BOTTLE FEEDING

  1. It is expensive
  2. The milk can easily be contaminated by disease germs
  3. Constipation is common with artificially fed babes
  4. Artificial milk is not as rich as breast milk. It does not contain anti-bodies needed by the baby
  5. It requires elaborate preparation and sterilization of feeding unit
  6. It does not make for close contact between mother and child

D. BATHING THE BABY

The baby’s skin is delicate, it should not be allowed to get dirty.

MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE BABY’S BATH

  1. Baby’s bath tub
  2. Large soft towel for covering the baby
  3. Small towel for drying the baby’s skin
  4. Face towel
  5. Soft sponge
  6. Baby’s comb and brush, oil, cream and powder
  7. Napkins, napkin pins and rubber pants
  8. Clean cloths for dressing baby after bath

PROCEDURES FOR A BABY’S BATH

  1. Shut door and windows, get everything needed for baby’s bath ready and within easy reach
  2. Prepare yourself by washing your hands, remove bangles, rings or anything that can injure the baby and put on protective clothing
  3. Prepare the bath water, test the temperature with your elbow
  4. Undress the baby
  5. Clean the baby’s face, then his head and dry with face towel
  6. Wash over the entire body gently. Dry baby gently with small dry towel
  7. Put a few drops of oil or lotion in your hand and gently rub it on the baby’s body. Powder can be applied
  8. Dress baby up quickly to prevent him from catching cold. Put on his vest, napkin, then pant, overall e.t.c
  9. Brush or comb baby’s hair

Assessment.

  1. What are the advantages of Breast-feeding?
  2. Mention 5 disadvantages of Bottle-feeding?
  3. What are the materials needed for a baby’s bath?
  4. Mention 7 procedures for a baby’s bath.

JSS2 Home Economics Third Term: Immunisation

Home Economics JSS2

Week 8

Topic: IMMUNIZATION

Contents:

What is Immunization?

Toys for Children

Laundering Baby’s Clothes

A. WHAT IS IMMUNIZATION?

Immunization prevents children against diseases. This is the process by which an individual’s immune system becomes fortified against disease causing agents (known as the immunogen). Immunization is done through various techniques, most commonly vaccination. Vaccines against microorganisms that cause diseases can prepare the body’s immune system, thus helping to fight or prevent an infection. It is given to children in infant welfare clinics; immunization centers and hospitals.

IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

This means the different times when the baby should be given the different types of immunization. The expanded programs on immunization (E.P.I) is a health programme designed to protect children of 0-2 years of age from six killer diseases.

TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION

  1. PREVALENT
  • Hepatitis B
  • D.T.P – Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
  • HIB- Hemophilic Influenza type b
  • Rotavirus (diarrhea and vomiting)
  • Pneumococcal conjugate (pneumonia and Otitis media)
  1. POLIO VACCINE: This is for protection against polio
  2. SMALL POX VACCINE: This is given by injection to protect against small pox
  3. MEASLES VACCINE: This is given by injection to protect against measles. It is given at 9 months
  4. C.G (Bacillus Calmetle Guerin): this protect against tuberculosis. It is given at birth

COMMON AILMENTS IN CHILDREN

  1. COLIC: Is caused by cramps in the intestines of the baby. A baby who has colic cries hard
  2. CONSTIPATION: This involves the passing of hard stool (at long intervals) or not passing it at all. Constipation could be common with bottle fed babies
  3. DIARRHEA: This is a sudden increase in the number of bowel movements, especially if they are loose and watery.
  4. NAPPY RASH: This occurs when a child has rashes in the nappy.
  5. DEHYDRATION – This occurs when a baby occurs  use or lose more fluid than is taken in, and the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions.

 B. TOYS FOR CHILDREN

As a baby grows, he enjoys playing with things. It is therefore important to provide babies with toys that suit their age level.

USES OF TOYS

  1. Toys keep children busy
  2. Toys help them to learn
  3. Toys help them to exercise their muscles
  4. Toys help them to express them in different ways
  5. Toys make children happy

POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING TOYS FOR CHILDREN

  1. Buy strong, simple and durable toys
  2. Buy toys that are interesting to the child
  3. Buy toys that a child would like to play with for a long time.
  4. Avoid buying toys with tiny, loose parts which the child can swallow easily
  5. Buy toys that are easy to clean
  6. Buy toys that suit the age of the child
  7. Buy soft and portable toys
  8. Make sure they have no metal or sharp edges that can injure the child

WEANING THE BABY

Weaning is a process of helping a baby get used to foods other than mother’s breast milk

C. LAUNDERING BABY’S CLOTHES

It is necessary to launder clothes for the following reasons:

  1. It makes them become clean
  2. It makes the clothes last long

SELECTION OF MATERIALS NEEDED FOR LAUNDRY

  1. BUCKETS: These could be of plastic. They are required for soaking the baby’s napkins
  2. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS: They are necessary for removing dirt and some stains
  3. WATER: This is necessary in large quantities for washing and rinsing baby’s clothes
  4. STAIN REMOVERS: Simple household bleach for baby’s napkins
  5. PEGS: They are necessary for hanging clothes to dry
  6. PRESSING IRON: This is necessary for ironing the clothes after drying
  7. IRONING BOARD: The equipment is useful as an aid to good ironing

STEPS IN LAUNDERING BABY’S CLOTHES

The first step in the laundering of baby’s clothes in the removal of stains

  1. Soaking: The baby’s clothes to be washed are soaked in water to remove the surface dirt
  2. Washing: Soap and water are used when washing, clean water should always be used for washing the clothes.
  3. Rinsing: After the dirt and soap have been washed off the clothes, the clothes are rinsed until they have no more soap and are clean.
  4. Drying: Pegs are used for hanging washed clothes on a clothe line outside the house. This enables the clothes to dry under bright sunshine.
  5. Ironing: This is done to give the clothes a good finish. It is also used to remove some minor grease on the clothes.

Assessment.

  1. What is Immunization?
  2. Mention 5 common ailments in children.
  3. What are the points to consider when choosing toys for the children?
  4. What are the steps in laundering baby’s clothes?

JSS2 Home Economics Third Term: Family Budget

Home Economics JSS2

Week 9

Topic: FAMILY BUDGET

Contents:

Family Budget

Family Needs

A. FAMILY BUDGET

Household budget is a plan for future expenditure of a given household. Budgeting involves planning ahead on how to spend the total money or income that one earns.

THE INCOME: This includes the money and other economic resources available to the family for meeting their needs.

MONEY INCOME: This is the amount of money which the family has at given period

GROSS INCOME: This is the total amount of money from person’s income

NET INCOME: This is the amount of money that remains after deductions such as tax, have been removed from the gross income

EXPENDITURE: This is the amount of money spent on goods and services by the family

 B. FAMILY NEEDS

Family needs are those things on which family members are willing to spend their income. These needs are divided into two main classes:

  1. Primary needs: These are the very important needs which are needed for good health and survival. The family cannot do without them. They include food, clothing and shelter.
  2. Secondary needs: These are needs which the family can do without, though they are desirable. Examples are cars, education, entertainment, savings e.t.c

IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY BUDGETS

  1. Family budgeting helps the family to make important decisions about their  expenditures
  2. It helps the family to spend money on what they really need
  3. It prevents wasteful spending of family money
  4. It helps the family to see how they spend their money.
  5. It helps to prevent impulse buying
  6. It helps to train children on the use of money

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FAMILY BUDGETING AND EXPENDITURE

  1. The Family Income: the budget is made on the net income
  2. Family needs: These determine the specific goods and services which will be budgeted for
  3. Seasons: The seasons of the year should considered by the family when planning their budget. There are some materials that are cheaper and are more easily available when in season
  4. Locality: Where the family lives also plays an important role in the family budget. The budget for a family living in a rural area will differ from a family living in an urban area
  5. Inflation: This is the continuous upward movement in general price level. When this occurs the prices of goods and services become high.

STEPS IN PREPARING A FAMILY BUDGET

 In preparing, a good budget, the following guidelines should be adopted:

  1. List all the family needs during the proposed budget. This should include both the primary and secondary needs
  2. Place the needs according to the family priorities e.g food, shelter, clothing, education, savings e.t.c
  3. Give an estimate of the cost of each need giving a higher percentage according to the family priorities
  4. Estimate the total expected income for the budget period
  5. Balance the expenditure with the income. Make sure that the expenditure is not more than the income so as to avoid budget deficit
  6. Give the budget a trial to ensure its an occurrence.

A N10,000 budget

Family needsPercentage of income budgetedAmount
Food30%3,000.00
Housing (rent)23%2,300.00
Clothing10%1,000.00
Health10%1,000.00
Transport6%600.00
Education13%1,300.00
Entertainment2%200.00
Personal allowances3%300.00
Savings and insurance`3%300.00

Assessment.

  1. What are the factors that influence family budgeting and expenditure?
  2. Mention 5 importance of family budget.
  3. What are the major steps in preparing a family budget?
  4. What is gross income?
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