JSS2 Second Term- Home Economics

  • SURFACES IN THE HOME
  • WOOD
  • GLASS
  • MAINTENANCE OF THE FAMILY HOUSE
  • ONE ROOM APARTMENT
  • HOME SURROUNDING
  • SEAM AND EDGE FINISHING
  • FACING
  • BODY MEASUREMENTS

SURFACES IN THE HOME

Home Economics JSS2

Week 1
Topic: SURFACES IN THE HOME

INTRODUCTION

Surfaces in the home refers to walls, floors, ceilings, window surfaces and table. All those require care and maintenance. There are certain  materials used to make surfaces in the home. The materials include mud, glass, wood, and concrete. It is important to know how to care for them. The floors in many homes are finished using various materials which improve the appearance of the home and make the floor easier to clean.

IMPORTANCE OF FLOOR COVERINGS

  1. Floor coverings cover cheaply finished floors
  2. Improve the appearance of a room
  3. Make the floor easier to clean.

There are different types of floors, these are:

MUD FLOOR

Mud floor is a traditional type of floor that is still in use in many parts of Nigeria.

ADVANTAGES OF MUD FLOOR

  • It is cheap
  • It is cool and suitable for hot weather
  • Mud is readily available everywhere

DISADVANTAGES OF MUD FLOOR

  • It is not durable
  • It is not suitable for riverine areas
  • It is not suitable for certain areas in the home, especially in the bathroom

Other types of floor include vinyl floors, concrete floor, wooden floor, marble floor, terrazzo floor e.t.c.

Concrete floor: This is made of a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water. Terrazzo floor is made from marble chips set in colored cement. Marble floor has a smoother and more expensive appearance than terrazzo.

Vinyl tile floor: Plastic tiles fixed to the floor with suitable adhesive

FLOOR COVERINGS

 These are special materials used for covering the floor. Examples of floor coverings are mats, linoleum, rugs and carpets

ADVANTAGES OF FLOOR COVERINGS

  1. It is relatively cheap
  2. They can be made in attractive pattern
  3. Rugs and carpets protect the floor

DISADVANTAGES OF FLOOR COVERINGS

  1. Some are not durable
  2. They can be dented and scratched

ASSESSMENT

  1. Mention TWO importance of floor covering?
  2. List TWO advantages of floor covering?
  3. List TWO disadvantages of floor covering?

WOOD

Home Economics JSS2

Week 2
Topic: WOOD

Contents:

  • Wood
  • Wood Finishing

A. INTRODUCTION

Wood is gotten from the stem and branches of a tree, when it is cut. Wood has many uses in the home. As such, it is important that we learn how to look after it properly.

USES OF WOOD

  1. In many buildings, the doors and windows are usually wooden
  2. To make many items of furniture like chairs, table e.t.c
  3. As a source of fuel for cooking
  4. To make paper
  5. To make carvings and ornaments

There are two main types of wood:

  1. Hard wood: This is obtained from broad-leaf trees. It is heavy and sold. Some examples of hardwood are iroko, ebony, opepe. Hard wood is used for roofing, door making, paneling and wooden houses
  2. Soft wood: This is obtained from trees with needle like leaves which commonly grow in cooler climates e.g. pine, balsa. Soft wood is used to make paper and plywood

B. WOOD FINISHING

Finishing is the treatment given to wood surface. Wood finishes include paints, waxes, oils, lacquers, fillers, polishes e.t.c the method of cleaning a wood surface depends on the types of finish used on the wooden surface.

– USES OF WOOD FINISHING

  1. To improve the appearance of the wooden surface
  2. To prevent the wood from absorbing moisture
  3. To protect the wood from boring pest attack
  4. To prevent discoloration of wood
  5. To prevent dirt from filling the wood pores

– TYPES OF WOOD FINISHING

  1. Plain wood: Is finished by simply smoothing it. No form of finishing substance is applied to it. Most wooden cooking utensils have plain wood surface e.g. pastry board, table, draining board
  2. Old and varnished wood surface: Oil finish is produced by rubbing the new wooden surface with special oil. Varnished finish is produced by rubbing special varnish on the wood.
  3. Painted wood: Wood can be painted in different colors using suitable paints e.g. doors, windows, furniture
  4. Polished wood surface: This is a kind finishing used to improve the natural beauty of color or grains of a wood surface e.g. cup boards, wall dividers, office tables, side boards e.t.c
  5. Formula surface:  Used as a finishing for table in different colors and designs.

Assessment.

  1. Mention 5 types of wood finishing?
  2. What are the uses of Wood?
  3. Mention and explain the 2 types of wood?
  4. What are the uses of wood finishing?

GLASS

Home Economics JSS2

Week 3
Topic: GLASS

DEFINITION OF GLASS

Glass is made from sand. There are various types of glass objects used on the home. Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material which is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in things like window panes, tableware, cups e.t.c. These are:

  1. Table glassware: Tumbler, jug, plates, cruet e.t.c.
  2. Glass oven ware
  3. Glass bottles and vases
  4. Mirrors
  5. Window panes, door panels, glass furniture and decorative accessories

I. CARE OF GLASS AGENTS IN THE HOME

  1. Protect the wares from striking on hard objects
  2. Do not pour very hot water into a cold flask nor very cold water into a hot flask
  3. Glass oven ware should not be put suddenly in a hot oven. It should be allowed to warm up gradually
  4. Avoid scratching the surface of glass wares with abrasive or sharp objects
  5. Do not place glass tumbles inside one another. For storing or carrying so that they do not become stuck together

II. CLEANING OF GLASS WARES

  1. Soak glass ware – Those used for milk or starch in cold water and those used for grease in warm water
  2. Rinse thoroughly in clean water
  3. Place the ware upside down on a clean board or other suitable surface to drain
  4. Dry thoroughly with clean dish cloth while the ware still warm
  5. Store properly
  6. It is also possible to wash glass ware in the dish washer where such is available

III. CLEANING OF GLASS WINDOWS AND DOORS

Daily Cleaning

  1. Remove surface dust by cleaning with a clean soft lintel cloth
  2. Rub thoroughly with a second clean cloth

Weekly Cleaning

  1. After dusting, wash the glass pane with soapy water and soft lintel cloth
  2. Remove stubborn stains with kerosene
  3. Dry with a clean, soft, dry lintels cloth

IV. CLEANING OF MIRROR AND FRAMED PICTURE

Daily cleaning

  1. Wipe with clean, lintless cloth to remove surface dust
  2. Polish with a second cloth

Weekly cleaning

  1. Wipe to remove surface dust
  2. Clean the frame according to type
  3. Clean mirror/ glass with a small pad or newspaper dipped in kerosene
  4. Tub thoroughly with a soft dry lintless cloth

V. CLEANING OF GLASS FURNITURE

  1. Clean the frame work according to type
  2. Follow the procedure for cleaning glass window and door pane

Assessment.

  1. How do we care for our glass agents at home?
  2. What are the procedures in cleaning our glass wares?
  3. What is glass?

MAINTENANCE OF THE FAMILY HOUSE

Home Economics JSS2

Week 4
Topic: MAINTENANCE OF THE FAMILY HOUSE

INTRODUCTION

The functional areas of the home should be kept clean always. Furniture should be arranged for easy flow of traffic in the room. Piece of furniture should be balanced on opposite walls. The largest pieces of furniture should be placed on the largest wall space.

THE SITTING ROOM

Daily cleaning

  1. Open the doors and windows for air to flow into the room. Empty trash can
  2. Sweep the floor and dust all surfaces
  3. Arrange furniture, newspaper and cushions properly

Weekly cleaning

  1. Sweep the floor, take out all small pieces of furniture and clean them.
  2. Remove cob webs, clean windows,  clean and polish the large pieces of furniture in the room
  3. Replace all pieces of furniture neatly

THE DINING ROOM

Daily cleaning

  1. Open the windows and sweep the floor. Clean the table with piece of cloth, wring out in warm soapy water
  2. Dust the furniture and put fresh flowers.

After meal cleaning

  1. Clear the table and remove pieces of food.
  2. Sweep off all pieces of food on the floor.
  3. Clean the tables.
  4. Arrange the chairs neatly.

Weekly cleaning

  • Follow the procedure for the weekly cleaning of the sitting room.
  • Clean the table mats, table covers and napkins thoroughly.

KITCHEN

Daily cleaning

  1. Sweep and mop the floor.
  2. Wash dirty plates
  3. Clean the sink and the draining board.
  4. Empty the dustbin

Weekly cleaning

  1. Remove cobwebs
  2. Sweep out the food store
  3. Scrub the floor
  4. Empty and scrub the dustbin

TOILET AND BATHROOM

There are different types of toilets and bathrooms i.e. modern and traditional, they require care and cleaning. Traditional bathroom is often found in one-room apartments where people share toilet and bathroom

Care of Modern Bathroom

  1. Open the windows, sweep the floor, wash the bath tub and hand basin with soft sponge
  2. Take towels out in the sun. rinse the bath-tub and mop up any water splashes on the floor

Care of Modern Toilet

  1. Open the window and sweep the room. Flush the toilet
  2. Lift the seat and sprinkle toilet cleaner such as harpic inside the bowl
  3. Scrub the bowl with toilet brush
  4. Mop the floor and supply fresh toilet paper if necessary

Assessment.

  1. List 3 ways of cleaning the Sitting room.
  2. List 3 ways of cleaning the Kitchen.
  3. List 3 ways of cleaning the Toilet and Bathroom.

ONE ROOM APARTMENT

Home Economics JSS2

Week 5
Topic: ONE ROOM APARTMENT

ONE-ROOM APARTMENT

A one-room apartment is a single room that is used as a bathroom, dining room, sitting room, study and sometimes kitchen, all at the same time.

Reasons for choosing One-room apartment

  1. Lack of money to rent a flat
  2. Scarcity of adequate housing
  3. Family size: A single person can prefer one-room apartment to a flat
  4. Personal needs

Arrangement of One-room apartment

  1. Ensure proper ventilation
  2. Do not overcrowd the room with furniture
  3. Place items of furniture in such a way to ensure (i) easy movement in the room (II) easy cleaning of the room
  4. Use room divider to screen the sleeping area
  5. Use proper food storage facilities

CARE OF ONE-ROOM APARTMENT

  1. Draw the curtains, open the door and windows to air the room
  2. Dust all furniture
  3. Make the bed
  4. Arrange all pieces of furniture neatly
  5. Tidy up cooking utensils and dishes after meal preparation and service
  6. Tidy up the food preparation area
  7. Put fresh flower if necessary

Weekly cleaning

  1. Open the doors and windows to air the room
  2. Remove the curtain strip the bed
  3. Take the mattress out in the sun, shake properly and leave to air
  4. Take all small piece of furniture, clean each according to type
  5. Sweep down walls, ceilings, doors and windows. Clean each according to type
  6. Clean any ornaments and picture
  7. Clean the bed thoroughly
  8. Clean the floor according to type
  9. Bring in the mattress and make the bed
  10. Clean the flower vase according to type and put in fresh flowers and water

Assessment.

  1. What is the ideal arrangement for one-room apartment?
  2. Mention 5 ways of cleaning one-room apartment?
  3. What are the reasons for choosing one-room apartment?

HOME SURROUNDING

Home Economics JSS2

Week 6
Topic: HOME SURROUNDING

HOME SURROUNDING

Home surrounding can be used for many purposes such as:

  1. As playground for children
  2. Space for family relaxation in the evening
  3. As space for parking cars
  4. For outdoor cooking
  5. As a garden

A clean home surrounding must not be bushy. It is important to keep it clean because:

  1. Pests and snakes cannot hide in a clean surrounding
  2. There will be no broken bottles to cause accidents
  3. A clean surrounding is attractive and welcoming
  4. It is soft for children to play around

CARE OF HOME SURROUNDING

  1. Sweep the surrounding everyday
  2. Keep the refuse bin area clean
  3. Do not leave empty cans, broken plates, cups and bottles lying around
  4. Clean all drains once a week
  5. Once a month, trim the hedges and cut the grass around the house

Drains: A drain is an outlet for waste water. A drainage system is made up of the methods and channels of removing and disposing of liquid waste.

1. Free drainage system: The waste water is simply poured on the ground outside the house.

  • Sweep the area daily to remove dirt
  • Pour dry sand over the area when it becomes swampy and slippery
  • Disinfect the area at least once a week with izal

2. Open drainage system: Gutters are provided for waste water to flow along. Some gutters are built with concrete while others are not. Gutters could be open or covered

CARE OF GUTTERS

  • Do not throw rubbish into the gutter
  • Remove all rubbish from waste water before pouring it into the gutter

3. Concealed drainage: All the paths through which the waste water flows are concealed completely. It is common in urban towns where the drainage system is properly planned

CARE OF CONCEALED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

  1. Do not let food or solid waste pass through
  2. Provide the kitchen sink, wash hand basin and bath tubs with sieve to catch solid waste
  3. Flush drain after each use with plenty water
  4. Sterilize the sink once a week with boiling water or household bleach

Assessment.

  1. Why do we keep our home surrounding clean?
  2. How do we clean our home surrounding?
  3. What is a drain?
  4. What are the methods used in removing and disposing of liquid waste?

SEAM AND EDGE FINISHING

Home Economics JSS2

Week 7
Topic: SEAM AND EDGE FINISHING

Contents:

  • Seam
  • Seam Finishing
  • Seam Finishing Process
  • Edge Finishing

A. SEAM 

Seam is a line of stitching that joins two or more pieces of cloth. There are different types of seams e.g. open/ plain, French run and fell and lapped seams.

TYPES OF SEAM

All basics seams used in clothing construction are variants on four basic types of seams.

  • Plain seams
  • French seams
  • Flat or abutted seams
  • Lapped seams
  1. A plain seam is the most common type of machine-sewn seam. It joins two pieces of fabric together face-to-face by sewing through both pieces, leaving a seam allowance with raw edges inside the work. The seam allowance usually requires some sort of seam finish to prevent raveling. Either piping or cording may be inserted into a plain seam.
  2. In a French seam, the raw edges of the fabric are fully enclosed for a neat finish. The seam is first sewn with wrong sides together, then the seam allowances are trimmed and pressed. A second seam is sewn with right sides together, enclosing the raw edges of the original seam.
  3. In a flat or abutted seam, two pieces of fabric are joined edge-to edge with no overlap and sewn with hand or machine stitching that encloses the raw edges. Antique or old German seam is the 19th century name for a hand-sewn flat seam that joins two pieces of at their selvages. This type of construction is found in traditional linen garments such as shirts and chemises, and in hand-made sheets pieced from narrow loom widths of linen.
  4. In a lapped seam, the two layers overlap with the wrong side of the top layer laid against the right side of the lower layer. Lapped seams are typically used for bulky materials that do not ravel, such as leather and felt.

B. SEAM FINISHING

Seam finishes are basic sewing processes used to neaten the raw edges of a seam, especially the open seam. A seam finish is a treatment that secures and neatens the raw edges of a plain seam to prevent raveling, by sewing over the raw edges or enclosing them in some sort of binding.

ADVANTAGES OF SEAM FINISHING

  1. It prevents the raw edges from fraying
  2. It prolonged the life of the articles
  3. It makes the finished work neat
  4. It give the finished work a professional look

C. SEAM FINISHING PROCESS

  1. Pinking: Finishing with pinking shears for bulky fabrics that do not fray
  2. Over casting is suitable for all fabrics
  3. Edge stitching: Good for fabrics that fray
  4. zigzag
  5. Bound seam finishing: For fabrics that fray easily

POINTS TO CONSIDER IN SEAM FINISHING

  1. Type of Fabrics: The type of fabrics will determine the type of seam finish to use e.g. fabrics that will not fray. Pinking finishing can be used, fabrics that fray you cab use edge stitching.
  2. The use to be made for the article
  3. Position of the seam

D. EDGE FINISHING

Edge Finishing: Is the process of neatening the edges of articles or garments. Edge finishing process include pinking, overcasting, edge stitching, zigzag finishing and bond finishing.

USES OF EDGE FINISHING

  1. to neaten the edge of the garment
  2. to secure the edge and prevent fraying and raveling of fabric
  3. to decorate an edge e.g. using bias binding for finishing necklines and armholes

POINTS TO CONSIDER IN EDGE FINISHING

  1. The type of material or fabric e.g.  closely woven fabrics which do not fray or ravel may be finished with pinking shears
  2. The shape of the edge to be finished. Curved edge that stretch e.g necklines, armholes can be finished with bias binding
  3. The purpose of the finishing, for instance the finishing can be for decoration with some bound finishes.

Assessment.

  1. Mention and explain the 4 basic types of Seams.
  2. What are the advantages of Seam finishing?
  3. What are the points to consider in Edge finishing?
  4. List 5 Seam finishing process.

FACING

Home Economics JSS2

Week 8
Topic: FACING

Contents:

Facing

Guidelines for attaching Facing

FACING

Facing a part of a garments, the process of covering the raw edge or finishing it with a piece of cloth or fabric. Facing show on only one side of the garments. We have two types of facing:

  1. Inside Facing: When facings are turned to the wrong side
  2. Conspicuous or Decorative Facing: When facings are finished on the right side of the garments

USES OF FACING

  1. For neatening a garment by covering the raw edges
  2. To reinforce the garment edge and retain its shape
  3. To decorate a garment, when it is applied on the right side

GUIDELINES FOR ATTACHING FACING

  1. Facings should be cut to the same shape as the edge of the garment to be faced
  2. The grain-line of the facing should match that of the edge being faced
  3. The width of the facing should always be enough to give a flat finish
  4. The facing edge and garment edge should be placed exactly together with right side together
  5. If facing is to show on right side, put the right side of facing to wrong side of the garment
  6. If facing is to appear on the wrong side, place the right side against the right side of garment

TYPES OF FACING

Straight Facing: This is used on straight hems or front of button through skirts

To make:

  1. Cut the facing on the straight or cross grain
  2. Place right sides together, pin and tack facing to garment
  3. Sew along the seam line. Remove taking, trim seams
  4. Turn facing wrong side, roll the seamed edge between thumbs and fingers
  5. Edge stitch the raw edge or the facing
  6. Tack and press flat the facing
  7. Stitch facing down on wrong side

Shaped Facing: Commonly used for armholes of sleeveless garments and necklines of collarless garments

Procedure for attaching Shaped Facing

  1. Prepare the facing
  2. Place the right side of the facing to right side of garment. Match notches
  3. Pin and tack facing to position
  4. Back stitch or machine on the seam line maintaining the exact shape of the edge
  5. Remove busting and trim turning
  6. Snip into corners
  7. Press turning upwards, towards free edge of facing

Assessment.

  1. What is Facing?
  2. Mention the 2 types of Facing.
  3. What are the uses of Facing?
  4. Mention 5 procedures for attaching Shaped Facing.

BODY MEASUREMENTS

Home Economics JSS2

Week 9
Topic: BODY MEASUREMENTS

BODY MEASUREMENTS

In order to make clothes, you need to take body measurements. There are various tools used to take body measurements. These are:

  1. Tape measure: for measuring parts of the body
  2. Pencil: for writing down the measurement
  3. Paper: for recording the measurement
  4. A String: To be tied around the natural waistline

Guidelines for taking Body Measurements

  1. Take measurements covers closer fitting garments or under garments
  2. Measure accurately
  3. Record each measurement as soon as it is made
  4. Use a tape measure that does not stretch
  5. Stand well when taking body measurements

Basic Body Measurements

  • For girls
  1. Bust round the fullest part of the chest
  2. Waist: round the smallest part of the trunk
  3. Hip: round the largest part of the body below the waist
  4. Length of back: from base of the neck to the waist
  5. Across the back
  6. Across chest
  • For boys
  1. Neck: measure round fullest part of the neck
  2. Chest: measure round the fullest part of chest
  3. Sleeve Length: measure from point of shoulder to elbow and from elbow to wrist

Patterns for Garments

Patterns are shapes of garment parts cut out of paper

Uses of Patterns in Garments

Construction

  1. They prevent serious mistakes in dress making
  2. They prevent waste of time in dress making
  3. They make sewing easy
  4. They reduce trial and error in sewing

There are two types of patterns: commercial and drafted patterns

  1. Commercial Patterns: They are designed and made by experts to fit standard body figures using specific body measurements.
  2. Drafted Pattern: This is made to fit a particular person. The person’s body measurement are first taken, then the pattern is drafted to fit his/her size

Assessment.

  1. What are the various tools used in taking body measurement?
  2. Mention 5 guidelines for taking body measurement.
  3. Mention and explain the 2 types of pattern
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